Summary
The steppe plant Iris aphylla was chosen to describe the genetic diversity patterns and postglacial expansion over the whole geographical range. By studying 29 populations, both in the centre and at the periphery of the geographical range, a moderate level of genetic diversity (P % = 32.5%; H = 0.105), a low level of linkage disequilibria and a low percentage of fixed loci (LD = 2.8%; F UL = 2.1%) were detected. The intermediate level of I. aphylla genetic diversity is rather close to plant species with a limited geographical range as well as rare and/or endangered species. It could also be explained by common processes of vegetative reproduction, the occasional or absent recruitments as well as the recent history of I. aphylla populations. The lack of significant genetic differences between central and marginal populations (AMOVA, 1.52%; P = 0.112) and the low number (1–3 per population) or lack of unique bands confirmed that the populations in both cases were recently established.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Abbott RJ and Brochmann C (2003). History and evolution of the Arctic flora: in the footsteps of Eric Hultén. Molec Ecol 12: 299–313
Arafeh RMH, Sapir Y, Shmida A, Iraki N, Fragman O and Comes HP (2002). Patterns of genetic and phenotypic variation in Iris haynei and I. atrofusca (Iris sect. Onocyclus = the royal irises) along an ecogeographical gradient in Israel and West Bank. Molec Ecol 11: 39–53
Barrett SCH and Husband BC (1990). The genetics of plant migration and colonization. In: Brown, AHD, Clegg, MT, Kahler, AL and Weir, BS (eds) Plant population genetics, breeding and genetic resources, pp. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts
Bockelmann AC, Reusch TBH, Bijlsma R and Bakker JP (2003). Habitat differentiation vs. isolation-by-distance: the genetic population structure of Elymus athericus in European salt marshes. Molec Ecol 12: 505–515
Bossart JL and Powell DP (1998). Genetic estimates of population structure and gene flow: limitations, lessons and new directions. Trends Ecol Evol 13: 202–206
Cain ML, Damman H and Muir A (1998). Seed dispersal and the Holocene migration of woodland herbs. Ecol Monographs 68: 325–347
Cyunel E (1959). Studia nad rozmieszczeniem gatunków kserotermicznych w polskich Karpatach Zachodnich. Frag Flor Geobot 3: 409–441
Demesure B, Comps B and Petit RJ (1996). Chloroplast DNA phylogeography of the common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Europe. Evolution 50: 2515–2520
Després L, Loriot S and Gaudeul M (2002). Geographic patterns of genetic variation in the European globeflowers Trollius eurpaeus L. (Ranunculaceae) inferred from amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Molec Ecol 11: 2337–2347
Dostál J (1989). Nova Kvĕtena. ČSSR, T. 2, Academia Praha, 1232–1237
Ehrich D and Stenseth NC (2001). Genetic structure of Siberian lemmings (Lemmus sibiricus) in a continuous habitats: large patches rater then isolation by distance. Heredity 86: 716–730
Felsenstein J (2004) PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package) version 3.6. Distributed by the author. Department of Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle
Fischer M, Husi R, Prati D, Peintinger D, Van Kleunen M and Schmid B (2000). RAPD variation among and within small and large populations of the rare clonal plant Ranunculus reptans (Ranunculaceae). Amer J Bot 87: 1128–1137
Garnier S, Alibert P, Audiot P, Prieur B and Rasplus JY (2004). Isolation by distance and sharp discontinuities in gene frequencies: implications for the phylogeography of an alpine insect species, Carabus solieri. Molec Ecol 13: 1883–1897
Gitzendanner MA and Soltis PS (2000). Patterns of genetic variation in rare and widespread plant congeners. Amer J Bot 87: 777–786
Grivet D and Petit RJ (2002). Phylogeography of the common ivy (Hedera sp.) in Europe: genetic differentiation through space and time. Molec Ecol 11: 1351–1362
Golden Software (2002) Contouring and 3D surface mapping for scientist and engineers. Golden Software, Inc., Golden, Co
Guiter F, Andrieu-Ponel V, De Beaulieu JL, Ceddadi R, Calvez M, Ponel P, Reille M, Keller T, Goeury C and Beaulieu JL (2003). The last climatic cycles in Western Europe: a comparison between long continuous lacustrine sequences from France and other terrestrial records. Quarter Int 111: 59–74
Hamrick JM and Godt MJW (1989). Allozyme diversity in plant species. In: Brown, ADH, Clegg, MT, Kahler, AL and Weir, BS (eds) Plant population genetics, breeding, and genetic resources, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA
Hellberg ME (1995). Stepping-stone gene flow in the solitary coral Balanophyllia elegans: equilibrium and non-equilibrium at different spatial scales. Marine Biol 123: 573–581
Hewitt GM (1999). Post-glacial re-colonization of European biota. Biol J Linn Soc 68: 87–112
Hewitt GM (2001). Speciation, hybrid zones and phylogeography – or seeing genes in space and time. Molec Ecol 10: 337–349
Hoffmann AA and Blows MW (1994). Species borders: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Trends Ecol Evol 9: 223–227
Holsinger KE, Lewis PO and Dey DK (2002). A Bayesian approach to inferring population structure from dominant markers. Molec Ecol 11: 1157–1164
Holub J, Procházka F (2000) Red list of vascular plants of the Czech Republic. Preslia, Praha 72: 187–230
Huntley B and Birks HJB (1983). An atlas of past and present maps for Europe: 0–13000 years ago. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Hutchinson DW and Templeton AR (1999). Correlation of pairwise genetic and geographic distance measures: inferring the relative influences of gene flow and drift on the distribution of genetic variability. Evolution 53: 1898–1914
Innan H, Terauchi R, Kahl G and Tajima F (1999). A method for estimating nucleotide diversity from AFLP data. Genetics 151: 1157–1164
Johnson MS and Black R (1998). Effect of isolation by distance and geographical discontinuity on genetic subdivision of Littoraria cinglage. Marine Biol 132: 295–303
Journel A and Huijbregts C (1978). Mining geostatistics. Academic Press, London
Karron JD (1997). Genetic consequences of different patterns of distribution and abundance. In: Kunin, WE and Gaston, KJ (eds) The biology of rarity. Chapman and Hall, London, UK
Kaźmierczakowa R, Zarzycki K (2001) Polska Czerwona Księga Roślin. Instytut Botaniki im. Władysława Szafera. PAN, Kraków
Kimura M and Weiss GH (1964). The stepping stone model of population structure and the decrease of genetic correlation with distance. Genetics 49: 561–576
King RA and Ferris C (1998). Chloroplast DNA phylogeography of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Molec Ecol 7: 1151–1161
Knobloch E (1984) Megasporen aus der Kreide von Mitteleuropa. Extract Sbor geol ved Paleontologie 26: 157–195
Knobloch E and Konzalová M (1998). Comparision of the Eocene plant assemblages of Bohemia (Czech Republic) and Saxony (Germany). Review Palaeobot Palynol 101: 29–41
Kornaś J (1955) Charakterystyka geobotaniczna Gorców. Monografia Botaniczna, 3. Warszawa
Lagercrantz U and Ryman N (1990). Genetic structure of Norway spruce (Picea abies): concordance of morphological and allozyme variation. Evolution 44: 38–53
Lammi A, Siikamäki P and Mustajärvi K (1999). Genetic diversity, population size, and fitness in central and peripheral populations of a rare plant Lychnis viscaria. Conserv Biol 13: 1069–1078
Lamour KH and Hausbeck MK (2001). Investigating the spatiotemporal genetic structure of Phytophthora capsici in Michigan. Ecol Pop Biol 91: 973–980
Lannér-Herrera C, Gustafsson M, Falt AS and Bryngelsson T (1996). Diversity in natural populations of wild Brassica oleracea as estimated by isozyme and RAPD analysis. Genet Res Crop Evol 43: 13–23
Latta RG and Mitton JB (1997). A comparison of population differentiation across four classes of gene marker in limber pine (Pinus flexilis James). Genetics 146: 1153–1163
Lindqvist-Kreuze H, Koponen H and Valkonen JPT (2003). Genetic diversity of arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus L. subsp. arcticus) as measured by amplified fragment length polymorphism. Canad J Bot 81: 805–813
Loveless MD and Hamrick JL (1984). Ecological determinants of genetic structure in plant populations. Annual Rev Ecol Syst 15: 65–95
Ludwig G, Schnittler M (1996) Rote Liste gefährdeter Pflanzen Deutschlands. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Hefte 28. Bonn, Bad Godesberg
Luo ZW, Zhang RM and Kearsey MJ (2004). Theoretical basis for genetic linkage analysis in autotetraploid species. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 7040–7045
Lynch M and Milligan BG (1994). Analysis of population genetic structure with RAPD markers. Molec Ecol 3: 91–99
Maglocký Š and Feráková V (1993). Red List of ferns and flowering plants (Pteridiophyta and Spermatophyta) of the flora of Slovakia (the second draft). Biologia Bratisl 48: 361–385
Manni F and Barrai I (2001). Genetic structure and linguistic boundaries in Italy: a microregional approach. Human Biol 73: 335–347
Manni F, Guerard E and Heyer E (2004). Geographic patterns of (genetic, morphologic, linguistic) variation: how barriers can be detected by using Monmonier’s algorithm. Human Biol 2: 173–190
Matuszkiewicz JM (1993) Krajobrazy roślinne i regiony geobotaniczne Polski. Prace geobotaniczne 158
McVean GAT (2002). A genealogical interpretation of linkage disequilibrium. Genetics 162: 987–991
Medwecka-Kornaś A (1959). Iris aphylla L. ssp. bohemica (Sch.) Dost. na Wyżynie Małopolskiej. Frag Flor Geobot 1: 3–6
Miller MP (1997) Tools for population genetic analyses (TFPGA) ver.1.3: a windows program for the analysis of allozyme and molecular population genetic data. Computer Software distributed by author
Miyashita NT, Kawabe M and Innan H (1999). DNA variation in the wild plant Arabidopsis thaliana revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. Genetics 152: 1723–1731
Monmonier M (1973). Maximum-difference barriers: An alternative numerical regionalization method. Geograph Analysis 3: 245–261
Muluvi GM, Sprent JI and Soranzo N (1999). Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of genetic variation in Moringa oleifera Lam. Molec Ecol 8: 463–470
Nybom H (2004). Comparition of different nuclear DNA markers for estimating intraspecific genetic diversity in plants. Molec Ecol 13: 1143–1155
Nybom H and Bartish IV (2000). Effects of life history traits and sampling strategies on genetic diversity estimates obtained with RAPD markers in plants. Persp Pl Ecol Evol Syst 3: 93–114
Olsen JL, Stam WT, Coyer JA, Reusch TBH, Billingham M, Boström Ch, Calvert E, Christie H, Granger S, a Lumière R, Milchakova N, Oudot-lesecq MP, Procaccini G, Snjabi B, Serrão E, Veldsink J, Widdicombe S and Wyllie-echeverria S (2004). North Atlantic phylogeography and large-scale population differentiation of the seagrass Zostera marina L. Molec Ecol 13: 1923–1941
Palmé AE, Su Q, Rautenberg A, Manni F and Lascoux M (2003). Postglacial recolonization and cpDNA variation of silver birch, Betula pendula. Molec Ecol 12: 201–212
Pawłowski J (2003) Uwarunkowania biogeograficzne Ojcowskiego Parku Narodowego i Pryrodnoho Zapowidnyka “Medobory”. Podobieństwa i różnice. Rola obszarów chronionych Zachodniego P Podola i Jury Ojcowskiej w utrzymaniu różnorodności biologicznej i krajobrazowej, 95–99. Zapowiednik “Medobory”, Hrymailiv
Peakall R and Smouse P (2006). GENALEX 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Molec Ecol Notes 6: 288–295
Peterson MA (1995). Phenological isolation, gene flow and developmental differences among low- and high-elevation populations of Euphilotes enoptes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Evolution 49: 446–455
Peterson MA (1996). Long-distance gene flow in the sedentary butterfly, Euphilotes enoptes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Evolution 50: 1990–1999
Petit R, Brewer S, Bordac S, Burg K, Chedaddi R, Coart E, Cottrell J, Csaikl U, van Dam B, Deans J, Espinel S, Fineschi S, Finkeldey R, Glaz I, Goicoechea P, Jensen J, Koning A, Lowe A, Madsen S, Matyas G, Munro R, Popescu F, Slade D, Tabbener H, de Vries H, Ziegenhagen B, de Beaulieu J and Kremer A (2002). Identification of refugia and post-glacial colonization routes of European white oaks based on chloroplast DNA and fossil pollen evidence. For Ecol Manage 156: 49–74
Pogson GH, Taggart CT, Mesa KA and Boutilier RG (2001). Isolation by distance in the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, at large and small geographical scales. Evolution 55: 131–146
Pólya L (1949). Chromosome number of some Hungarian plants. Acta Geobot Hung 6: 124–138
Pólya L (1950). Chromosome numbers of Hungarian plants. Ann Biol Univ Debreceniensis 7: 46–56
Prentice HC and White RJ (1988). Variability, population size and isolation: the structuring of diversity in Öland Gypsophila fastigiata. Acta Oecol 9: 19–29
Rafalska-Jasiewiczowa M, Latałowa M, Wasylikowa K, Tobolski K, Madeyska E, Wright HE, Turner CH (2004) Late Glacial and Holocene history of vegetation in Poland based on isopollen maps. W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Science, Kraków
Reynolds J, Weir BS and Cockerham CC (1983). Estimation of the coancestry coefficient: basis for a short-term genetic distance. Genetics 105: 767–779
Rousset F (1997). Genetic differentiation and estimation of gene flow from F-statistics under isolation by distance. Genetics 145: 1219–1228
Sándor F (1999) Magyarország védett növényei. Nemzeti Kulturális Örökség Minisztérium Frankfurt’99 Kht
Schaal BA, Hayworth DA, Olsen KM, Rauscher JT and Smith WA (1998). Phylogeographic studies in plants: problems and prospects. Molec Ecol 4: 465–474
Scheiner SM and Goodnight CJ (1984). The comparison of phenotypic plasticity and genetic variation in populations of the grass Danthonia spicata. Evolution 38: 845–855
Schiemann K, Tyler T and Widén B (2000). Allozyme diversity in relation to geographic distribution and population size in Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh. (Fabaceae). Pl Syst Evol 225: 119–132
Schmidt K and Jensen K (2000). Genetic structure and AFLP variation of remnant populations in the rare plant Pedicularis palustris (Scrophulariaceae) and its relation to population size and reproductive components. Amer J Bot 87: 678–689
Schmitt T and Seitz A (2001). Intraspecific allozymatic differentiation reveals the glacial refugia and the postglacial expansions of European Erebia medusa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biol J Linn Soc 74: 429–458
Schneider S, Roessli D, Excoffier L (2000) Arlequin version 2000: a software for population genetic data analysis. Genetics and Biometry Laboratory, University of Geneva. Geneva, Switzerland
Schönswetter P, Paun O, Tribsch A and Niklfeld H (2003). Out of the alps: colonisation of the arctic by east alpine populations of Ranunculus glacialis (Ranunculaceae). Molec Ecol 12: 3371–3381
Sharbel TF, Haubold B and Mitchell-Olds T (2000). Genetic isolation by distance in Arabidopsis thaliana: biogeography and postglacial colonization of Europe. Molec Ecol 9: 2109–2118
Slatkin M (1987). Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations. Science 236: 787–792
Slatkin M (1993). Isolation by distance in equilibrium and nonequilibrium populations. Evolution 47: 264–279
Soltis DE and Soltis PS (1995). The dymamic nature of polyploid genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA 92: 8089–8091
StatSoft, Inc. (1997) Statistica for Windows. Computer program manual. Tulusa
Sumner J, Jessop T, Paetkau D and Moritz C (2004). Limited effect of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation on molecular diversity in a rain forest skink, Gnypetoscincus queenslandiae queenslandiae. Molec Ecol 13: 259–269
Szafer W (1983). Szata roślinna Polski. Tom I. PWN, Kraków
Taberlet P, Fumagalli L, Wust-Saucy AG and Cossons JF (1998). Comparative phylogeography and postglacial colonization routes in Europe. Molec Ecol 7: 453–464
Tero N, Aspi J, Siikamäki P, Jäkäläniemi A and Tuomi J (2003). Genetic structure and gene flow in a metapopulation of an endangered plant species, Silene tatarica. Molec Ecol 12: 2073–2085
Travis SE, Maschinski J and Keim P (1996). An analysis of genetic variation in Astragalus cremnophylax var. cremnophylax, a critically endangered plant, using AFLP markers. Molec Ecol 5: 735–745
Tremblay M and Simon JP (1989). Genetic structure of marginal populations of white spruce (Picea glauca) at its northern limit of distribution in Nouveau-Quebec. Canad J Forest Res 19: 1371–1379
Tribsch A, Schönswetter P and Stuessy T (2002). Saponaria pumila (Caryophyllaceae) and the Ice Ages in the European Alps. Amer J Bot 89: 2024–2033
Tyler T (2002). Geographic distribution of allozyme variation in relation to post-glacial history in Carex digitata, a widespread European woodland sedge. J Biogeogr 29: 919–930
Van Rossum F and Prentice CH (2003). Structure of allozyme variation in Nordic Silene nutans (Caryophyllaceae): population size, geographical position and immigration history. Bot J Linn Soc 81: 357–371
Vekemans X (2002) AFLP-SURV version 1.0. Distributed by the author. Laboratoire de Génétique et Ecologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgique
Voronoï MG (1908). Nouvelles application des parameters continues á la théorie des formes quadratiques, deuxième mmoire, recherché sur le paralléloedres primitives. J Math 134: 198–207
Vos P, Hogers R, Bleeker M, Reijans M, van de Lee T, Hornes M, Frijters A, Pot J, Peleman J, Kuiper M and Zabeau M (1995). AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucl Acid Res 23: 4407–4414
Wcisło H (1964). Karyological studies in the genus Iris L. in Poland. Acta Biol Cracov 7: 25–36
Wróblewska A (2003). Właściwości marginalnej populacji Iris aphylla L. w Biebrzańskim Parku Narodowym (NE Polska). Frag Flor Geobot Pol 10: 195–207
Wróblewska A and Brzosko E (2006). The genetic structure of the steppe plant Iris aphylla L. at the northern limit of its geographical range. Bot J Linn Soc 152: 245–255
Wróblewska A, Brzosko E, Czarnecka B and Nowosielski J (2003). High levels of genetic diversity in populations of Iris aphylla L. (Iridaceae), an endangered species in Poland. Bot J Linn Soc 142: 65–72
Yeh FC, Yang RC, Boyle TBJ, Ye ZH and Mao JX (1997). POPGENE version 1.31, the shareware for population genetic analysis. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Centre, University of Alberta, Alberta
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wróblewska, A. From the center to the margins of geographical range: molecular history of steppe plant Iris aphylla L. in Europe. Plant Syst Evol 272, 49–65 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0630-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0630-2