Abstract
Background: Advances in technique and instrumentation have enabled surgeons to perform an increasing number of complicated procedures through laparoscopy. However, these efforts have often been compromised by the exertion of excessive force when anatomical structures are retracted to create a clear view of the anatomy. Here, we present a comparative study of human and robotic performance in force-controlled organ retraction during laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF).
Methods: Six female pigs (20–25 kg) were anesthetized, intubated, and placed on mechanical ventilation; pneumoperitoneum (13 mmHg CO2) was established. A force-sensing retractor (FSR) was constructed to record the forces applied in retracting the stomach during dissection of the esophageal hiatus. The FSR was calibrated using known forces and then operated by either human alone or robot under human guidance using the FSR data. The esophageal hiatus was visualized and dissected, and LNF was completed.
Results: Less force was needed for robotic (74.3 ± 10.5 g; mean ± standard deviation) than for human (108.9 ± 34.3 g) retraction (p= 0.007) to obtain an optimal view of the esophageal hiatus. No significant differences were observed for retraction setup time (robot, 14.3 ± 0.8 min; human, 13.7 ± 9.9 min; mean ± SD) or hiatal dissection time (robot, 14.0 ± 3.0 min; human, 14.0 ± 6.1 min; mean ± SD).
Conclusions: These preliminary results illustrate our continuing effort to develop and evaluate an automated surgical assistant for laparoscopy. As more personnel-intensive advanced laparoscopic procedures are performed, robotic retraction is likely to offer a superior alternative to human retraction; it minimizes the forces exerted on the organs while maintaining excellent anatomical view.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Received: 14 April 1998/Accepted: 1 August 1998
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Poulose, B., Kutka, M., Mendoza-Sagaon, M. et al. Human vs robotic organ retraction during laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Surg Endosc 13, 461–465 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/s004649901013
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s004649901013