Abstract
We propose a mechanism for the growth of crystalline anodic titanium-oxide (ATO) nanochannel arrays based on thermodynamic considerations and structural imperfections. Both amorphous and crystalline ATO films were obtained from the anodization of a titanium foil. Amorphous ATO nanotubes have a single-layer form, which makes them inefficient for use in photo-catalytic and solar-cell applications. Annealed ATO nanotubes are considered non-stoichiometric if the effect of oxygen partial pressure on the composition is significant. The driving force behind growing crystalline ATO nanotubes is the drawing of oxygen from the atmosphere to the oxygen site, which consequently decreases the concentration of oxygen vacancies in the anatase phase. The small ionization energies of titanium ions produce the stoichiometric defects. A diagram showing Gibbs energy and Kroger–Vink notation to indicate the strong influence of the non-stoichiometric ATO structure is deduced.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
J. Zhao, X. Wang, T. Sun, L. Li, Nanotechnology 16, 2450 (2005)
H. Shin, D.K. Jeong, J. Lee, M. Sung, J. Kim, Adv. Mater. 16, 1197 (2004)
C.C. Chen, Y. Bisrat, Z.P. Luo, R.E. Schaak, C.G. Chao, D.C. Lagoudas, Nanotechnology 17, 367 (2006)
H. Masud, K. Fukuda, Science 268, 1466 (1995)
H. Tsuchiya, J.M. Macak, L. Taveira, P. Schmuki, Chem. Phys. Lett. 410, 188 (2005)
I. Sieber, H. Hildebrand, A. Friedrich, P. Schmuki, Electrochem. Commun. 7, 97 (2005)
H.C. Shin, J. Dong, M. Liu, Adv. Mater. 16, 237 (2004)
H. Tsuchiya, J.M. Macak, I. Sieber, L. Taveira, A. Ghicov, K. Sirotna, P. Schmuki, Electrochem. Commun. 7, 295 (2005)
H. Tsuchiya, P. Schmuki, Electrochem. Commun. 7, 49 (2005)
G.K. Mor, K. Shankar, M. Paulose, O.K. Varghese, C.A. Grimes, Nano Lett. 6, 215 (2006)
H. Yamashita, Y. Ichihashi, Appl. Surf. Sci. 121, 305 (1997)
A.M. Azad, S.A. Akbar, J. Electrochem. Soc. 139, 3690 (1992)
C.C. Chen, J.S. Lin, E.W.G. Diau, T.F. Liu, Appl. Phys. A 92, 615 (2008)
C.C. Chen, H.W. Chung, C.H. Chen, H.P. Lu, C.M. Lan, S.F. Chen, L. Luo, C.S. Hung, E.W.G. Diau, J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 19151 (2008)
K. Zhu, N.R. Neale, A. Miedaner, A.J. Frank, Nano Lett. 7, 69 (2007)
K. Shankar, G.K. Mor, H.E. Prakasam, S. Yoriya, M. Paulose, O.K. Varghese, C.A. Grimes, Nanotechnology 18, 065707 (2007)
C.C. Chen, J.H. Chen, C.G. Chao, W.C. Say, J. Mater. Sci. 40, 4053 (2005)
V. Zwilling, M. Aucouturier, E. Darque-Ceretti, Electrochim. Acta 45, 921 (1999)
D. Gong, C.A. Grimes, O.K. Varghese, Z. Chen, W.C. Hu, E.C. Dickey, J. Mater. Res. 16, 3331 (2001)
Q. Cai, M. Paulose, O.K. Varghese, C.A. Grimes, J. Mater. Res. 20, 230 (2005)
C.A. Grimes, J. Mater. Chem. 17, 1451 (2007)
J.M. Macak, H. Tsuchiya, L. Taveira, S. Aldabergerova, P. Schmuki, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44, 7463 (2005)
M. Paulose, K. Shankar, S. Yoriya, H.E. Prakasam, O.K. Varghese, G.K. Mor, T.A. Latempa, J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 16179 (2006)
M. Paulose, H.E. Prakasam, O.K. Varghese, L. Peng, K.C. Popat, G.K. Mor, T.A. Desai, C.A. Grimes, J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 14992 (2007)
O.K. Varghese, D. Gong, M. Paulose, C.A. Grimes, E.C. Dickey, J. Mater. Res. 18, 156 (2003)
A.G. Mantzila, M.I. Prodromidis, Electrochimica Acta 51, 3537 (2006)
Syverud, JANAF Thermochemical Table, 3rd. ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data (1985)
M. Pourbaix, Texas/National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, USA (1974)
I. Barin, Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances (VCH, Weinheim, 1989)
J.L. Murray, Phase Diagrams of Binary Titanium Alloys (ASM International, Materials Park, 1985), p. 211
W.D. Kingery, H.K. Bowen, D.R. Uhlmann, Introduction to Ceramics (Wiley, New York, 1975), p. 127
M. Barsoum, Fundamentals of Ceramics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1997), p. 172
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, CC., Say, W.C., Hsieh, SJ. et al. A mechanism for the formation of annealed compact oxide layers at the interface between anodic titania nanotube arrays and Ti foil. Appl. Phys. A 95, 889–898 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-009-5093-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-009-5093-6