Abstract
P-type copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and n-type hexadecafluorophthalocyanina-tocopper (F16CuPc) polycrystalline films were investigated by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). Topographic and corresponding surface potential images are obtained simultaneously. Surface potential images are related with the local work function of crystalline facets and potential barriers at the grain boundaries (GBs) in organic semiconductors. Based on the spatial distribution of surface potential at GBs, donor- and acceptor-like trapping states in the grain boundaries (GBs) of p-CuPc and n-F16CuPc films are confirmed respectively. In view of spatial energy spectrum in micro-scale provided by KPFM, it is going to be a powerful tool to characterize the local electronic properties of organic semiconductors.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
G. Horowitz, M.E. Hajlaoui, Adv. Mater. 12, 1046 (2000)
S. Verlaak, V. Arkhipov, P. Heremans, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 745 (2003)
A.B. Chwang, C.D. Frisbie, J. Appl. Phys. 90, 1342 (2001)
T.W. Kelley, C.D. Frisbie, J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 4538 (2001)
K. Puntambekar, J.P. Dong, G. Haugstad, C.D. Frisbie, Adv. Funct. Mater. 16, 879 (2006)
M. Nonnenmacher, M.P. O’Boyle, H.K. Wickramasinghe, Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 2921 (1991)
V. Palermo, M. Palma, P. Samor, Adv. Mater. 18, 145 (2006)
L. Burgi, H. Sirringhaus, R.H. Friend, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 2913 (2002)
L. Burgi, T.J. Richards, R.H. Friend, H. Sirringhaus, J. Appl. Phys. 94, 6129 (2003)
L. Burgi, T. Richards, M. Chiesa, R.H. Friend, H. Sirringhaus, Synth. Met. 146, 297 (2004)
K.P. Puntambekar, P.V. Pesavento, C.D. Frisbie, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 5539 (2003)
S. Ikeda, T. Shimada, M. Kiguchi, K. Saiki, J. Appl. Phys. 101 (2007)
O. Tal, Y. Rosenwaks, Y. Preezant, N. Tessler, C.K. Chan, A. Kahn, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005)
O. Tal, Y. Rosenwaks, Y. Roichman, Y. Preezant, N. Tessler, C.K. Chan, A. Kahn, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 (2006)
S.G.J. Mathijssen, M. Colle, A.J.G. Mank, M. Kemerink, P.A. Bobbert, D.M. de Leeuw, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 (2007)
E.C.P. Smits, S.G.J. Mathijssen, M. Colle, A.J.G. Mank, P.A. Bobbert, P.W.M. Blom, B. de Boer, D.M. de Leeuw, Phys. Rev. B 76, 125202 (2007)
H. Ishii, N. Hayashi, E. Ito, Y. Washizu, K. Sugi, Y. Kimura, M. Niwano, Y. Ouchi, K. Seki, Phys. Status Solidi (a) 201, 1075 (2004)
L.W. Chen, R. Ludeke, X.D. Cui, A.G. Schrott, C.R. Kagan, L.E. Brus, J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 1834 (2005)
D. Cahen, A. Kahn, E. Umbach, Mater. Today 8, 32 (2005)
J. Colchero, A. Gil, A.M. Baro, Phys. Rev. B 64, 245203 (2001)
M. Fujihira, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 29, 353 (1999)
M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo, N. Karl, J. Appl. Phys. 80, 6880 (1996)
V. Palermo, M. Palma, Z. Tomovic, M.D. Watson, R. Friedlein, K. Mullen, P. Samori, Chem. Phys. Chem. 6, 2371 (2005)
A. Liscio, V. Palermo, D. Gentilini, F. Nolde, K. Mullen, P. Samori, Adv. Funct. Mater. 16, 1407 (2006)
V. Palermo, S. Morelli, M. Palma, C. Simpson, F. Nolde, A. Herrmann, K. Mullen, P. Samori, Chem. Phys. Chem. 7, 847 (2006)
A. Liscio, V. Palermo, P. Samorì, Adv. Funct. Mater. 18, 907 (2008)
H. Hoppe, T. Glatzel, M. Niggemann, A. Hinsch, M.C. Lux-Steiner, N.S. Sariciftci, Nano Lett. 5, 269 (2005)
H. Hoppe, T. Glatzel, M. Niggemann, W. Schwinger, F. Schaeffler, A. Hinsch, M.C. Lux-Steiner, N.S. Sariciftci, Thin Solid Films 511–512, 587 (2006)
D.C. Coffey, D.S. Ginger, Nat. Mater. 5, 735 (2006)
A. Liscio, G. DeLuca, F. Nolde, V. Palermo, K. Mullen, P. Samori, J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2007)
V. Palermo, G. Ridolfi, A.M. Talarico, L. Favaretto, G. Barbarella, N. Camaioni, P. Samori, Adv. Funct. Mater. 17, 472 (2007)
S. Siebentritt, S. Sadewasser, M. Wimmer, C. Leendertz, T. Eisenbarth, M.C. Lux-Steiner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 146601 (2006)
T. Glatzel, D.F. Marron, T. Schedel-Niedrig, S. Sadewasser, M.C. Lux-Steiner, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 2017 (2002)
C.S. Jiang, F.S. Hasoon, H.R. Moutinho, H.A. Al-Thani, M.J. Romero, M.M. Al-Jassim, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 127 (2003)
M.P. O’Boyle, T.T. Hwang, H.K. Wickramasinghe, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2641 (1999)
S. Hudlet, M.S. Jean, B. Roulet, J. Berger, C. Guthmann, J. Appl. Phys. 77, 3308 (1995)
Y. Rosenwaks, R. Shikler, T. Glatzel, S. Sadewasser, Phys. Rev. B 70, 085320 (2004)
S.V. Kalinin, D.A. Bonnell, Phys. Rev. B 62, 10419 (2000)
Y. Shen, D.M. Barnett, P.M. Pinsky, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 023711 (2008)
D. Cahen, A. Kahn, Adv. Mater. 15, 271 (2003)
N.K.W.G. Antoine Kahn, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 41, 2529 (2003)
S.D. Wang, X. Dong, C.S. Lee, S.T. Lee, J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 1529 (2004)
S. Sadewasser, T. Glatzel, M. Rusu, A. Jager-Waldau, M.C. Lux-Steiner, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 2979 (2002)
S. Duhm, G. Heimel, I. Salzmann, H. Glowatzki, R.L. Johnson, A. Vollmer, J.P. Rabe, N. Koch, Nat. Mater. 7, 326 (2008)
J.Y.W. Seto, J. Appl. Phys. 46, 5247 (1975)
S. Verlaak, P. Heremans, Phys. Rev. B 75, 115127 (2007)
J.W. Orton, M.J. Powell, Rep. Prog. Phys. 43, 1263 (1980)
Y. Gao, H. Ding, H. Wang, D. Yan, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 142112 (2007)
H. Vázquez, F. Flores, A. Kahn, Org. Electron. 8 (2007)
G. Horowitz, Adv. Funct. Mater. 13, 53 (2003)
E. Strassburg, A. Boag, Y. Rosenwaks, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76, 083705 (2005)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Huang, H., Wang, H., Zhang, J. et al. Surface potential images of polycrystalline organic semiconductors obtained by Kelvin probe force microscopy. Appl. Phys. A 95, 125–130 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-008-5035-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-008-5035-8