Introduction

Intertrochanteric fractures of the hip continue to be a challenge for orthopaedic surgeons. Surgical management of trochanteric fractures aims at restoring the prefracture functional status of patients as far as ambulation skills are concerned. A variety of implants of internal fixation have been employed to achieve this goal with variable success. The diversity of fixation devices available for treatment of trochanteric fractures illustrates the difficulties encountered in the actual treatment, and the discussion about ideal implant for such cases still continues. From a mechanical point of view, the dynamic hip screw (DHS), a sliding screw device, has many advantages such as controlled impaction and short operation time. However, use of this device in unstable trochanteric fractures has also been reportedly associated with significant medial displacement of the shaft resulting from excessive sliding of screw within the barrel and a higher incidence of screw cut-out [3, 5, 14]. The intact lateral wall plays a key role in stabilisation of unstable trochanteric fractures by providing a lateral buttress for the proximal fragment, and its deficiency leads to excessive collapse and varus malpositioning [4, 6]. Therefore, maintaining the integrity of this structure should be an important objective in all stabilisation procedures for unstable trochanteric fractures. Moreover, up to 12% of unstable trochanteric fractures show radiologically identifiable rotation of the proximal fragment, when fixed with DHS alone, as DHS provides only single-point fixation over which the proximal fragment can rotate with the movement of hip [13]. This can result in a significant number of nonunions and malunions due to poor bony contact between two fragments [11, 18].

Patients and method

This prospective study comprised 80 consecutive patients, of all ages and either gender with trochanteric fracture. Exclusion criteria included patients with an open fracture, subtrochanteric fracture, intracapsular hip fracture, dementia and previous history of surgery on the proximal femur. All patients were subjected to detailed clinical and radiological examination. Their prefracture ambulatory status was ascertained using Parker’s mobility score [15]. All fractures were classified on the basis of AO Muller classification. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. Closed reduction was done in most of the cases with the exception of seven, which required open reduction to achieve anatomical or near anatomical reduction. All fractures were stabilised with a DHS, which was supplemented with a trochanteric stabilisation plate (TSP) in the presence of lateral wall comminution (46 cases) (Fig. 1a,b). An additional 6.5-mm screw was passed parallel to the DHS through the TSP to act as an antirotation screw while permitting sliding collapse (Fig. 2a, b). If the lateral wall was observed to be intact (34 cases), the DHS was supplemented with a single superiorly placed antirotation screw (Fig. 3). All patients were allowed nonweight-bearing ambulation under the guidance of a physiotherapist on the third postoperative day and began partial weight bearing as soon as possible depending on the quality of bone, stability of biomechanical construction and tolerance of the patient. Patients were followed-up clinically and radiologically in the fracture clinic at regular intervals for possible complications, progress of union and physiotherapy. All patients were followed-up for a minimum period of six months, when they were subjected to final clinical and radiological evaluation, until either the fracture united or fixation failed. Patients were also examined for abductor weakness by performing Trendelenberg’s test as suggested by Hardcastle and Nade [7]. Overall, the clinical outcome was rated as per the Salvati and Wilson scoring system [17] at the time of final follow-up. Final radiological evaluation included any nonunion, malunion, screw cut-out, implant breakage, avascular necrosis of femoral head and excessive sliding of screw.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Dynamic hip screw (DHS) supplemented by trochanteric stabilisation plate (TSP). a AP view. b Lateral view

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Fig. 2
figure 2

Trochanteric stabilisation plate (TSP) with antirotation screw. a AP view. b Lateral view

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Fig. 3
figure 3

Antirotation screw with dynamic hip screw (DHS) for intact lateral wall

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Results

Seventy-four patients were available for the outcome analysis. There were 34 males and 40 females; the average age was 72 years. Fall on a level surface was the most common mode of trauma, accounting for 85% of the cases, with the remainder sustained in high energy road traffic accidents. Prior to injury, 62 of the patients were ambulatory without any walking aid. Average delay to operation from the time of injury was three days (range 2–12 days), which was mostly due to delay in reporting to the hospital. Postoperative X-ray examination showed anatomical reduction in 68 cases, and nonanatomical reduction in six cases. There were two local complications, as well as some systemic complications (Table 1). Clinico-radiological consolidation of the fracture was observed in all cases at an average of 13.56 weeks. Three of the patients complained of persistent pain in the hip region because of impingement of the proximal part of the TSP and were scheduled for hardware removal. Two patients had moderate persistent pain due to varus malunion. The average sliding of the DHS in this study was observed to be 3.4 mm. No limb length discrepancy was observed in any of our cases with anatomical reduction. Six cases had less than anatomical reduction observed in the immediate postoperative period resulting in 7–9 mm of shortening, but none of these cases required a shoe raise. Identifiable rotation on X-rays of the proximal fragment was not observed in any of our cases.

Table 1 Complications
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Average score for pain according to the Salvati and Wilson criteria was 8.6 out of 10. Normal walking was resumed in 58 patients, six patients needed a walking aid for long distances and the remaining ten patients required a walking aid even for short distances. Postoperative Parker’s mobility score [15] in our patients was almost comparable to the status before trauma apart from six cases where the score was reduced by one level at the time of final follow-up. Normal range of hip movements and full muscle power was achieved in 34 patients while 25 patients had slight decrease in range of hip movement and the rest of the 15 patients had limited flexion and abduction with fair muscle power. Hip abductor function was observed to be adequate in most of the cases at final follow-up. Normal function was regained in 34 patients, while very little restriction was observed in 26 patients and the remaining 14 patients had restricted normal activities but were able to do most of the housework and shop freely. The Salvati and Wilson score for overall hip function was >30 points in 55 patients and >20 points in the remaining 19 patients.

Discussion

Most authors have reported some incidence of failure of union in their series of trochanteric fractures following the use of DHS [8, 16]. The primary complications of trochanteric fractures fixed with DHS are postoperative late collapse leading to shortening of the limb and screw cut-out resulting in coxa vara [2, 10, 19]. The mean sliding in our study was an average of 3.4 mm which was significantly lower than previous studies using DHS alone. Jacobs et al. [9] have reported an average sliding of 5.3 mm in stable fractures and 15.7 mm in unstable fractures. Similarly, Larson et al. [12] have reported average sliding of 6.3 mm in stable fractures and 12.4 mm in unstable fractures. Hardy et al. and Steinberg et al. [18] have reported an average sliding of 10.2 mm and 9.3 mm, respectively. No significant limb length discrepancy was observed in our study, which compares favourably to the reports in literature by Frohlich and Benko et al. [3] (>1 cm shortening in half of their cases) and Ecker et al. [3] (average 2 cm shortening in 12 out of 62 cases). These figures do highlight the importance of anatomical reduction at the time of surgery but this is possible only if stability of these fractures is achieved by buttressing the lateral wall. These findings reinforce the results of Babst et al. [1], who also reported significant reduction in excessive collapse and subsequently reduced limb length discrepancy by using a TSP in combination with the DHS. The stability may also have been further improved by the additional superiorly placed 6.5 mm cancellous lag screw providing two point fixation. The results of assessment for hip abductor function at final follow-up were significantly better, and this is supportive of the view that the DHS in combination with TSP is likely to ensure a better abductor function due to stability provided to the greater trochanter.

A shorter learning curve is consistent with a better outcome of the procedure since it reduces the operative time and the incidence of operative complications. For surgeons familiar with the DHS, the additional surgical time for adding modular TSP over DHS will only be marginal. However, theoretically, the slight increase in the operative time and a wider exposure required for a DHS and TSP may also marginally increase the blood loss. The mechanism of action of the TSP has not been properly evaluated in biomechanical studies. However, TSP seems to act as a buttress plate against the medialisation of the distal fracture fragment often seen in unstable fractures stabilised with the sliding screw plate systems alone. In unstable trochanteric fractures owing to posterior, medial and lateral comminution, the collapse at the fracture site that occurs with sliding hip screw fixation may be more than usual. In such a situation abductor muscle weakness and its consequent fatigability is likely to be greater. The functional results in this study were graded as excellent in 74% of the cases and good in 26% of the cases according to the Salvati and Wilson scoring system. These observations do indicate that lateral wall reconstruction significantly lessened the incidence of lateralisation of the greater trochanter with limited telescoping of comminuted fragments following weight bearing. These two factors resulted in better hip abductor function and final Salvati-Wilson functional score with restoration of prefracture mobility. This study therefore does indicate that addition of a TSP over DHS is likely to improve the stability of fracture fixation, while at the same time permitting a controlled sliding collapse. Improved bony contact between proximal and distal fragments by stabilisation of the comminuted lateral wall is likely to improve the chances of union and maintenance of adequate lever arm. An additional antirotation screw effectively prevents the rotation of the proximal fragment.

Conclusion

The combination of TSP and DHS is a useful technique in the treatment of unstable trochanteric femoral fractures. It creates a biomechanically stable construction allowing reconstruction of the lateral wall to maintain adequate lever arm and abductor strength. In addition it allows passage of an antirotation screw, thereby providing two-point fixation with additional rotational stability. Superior overall functional and radiological outcome in patients with unstable trochanteric fractures does indicate that the combination of DHS and modular TSP is likely to be a better option in the management of these fractures as compared to DHS alone.