Abstract
Recent studies in heat transfer evident that the nanofluid shows better heat transfer results as compared to base fluid. This influences the research community for the dispersion of nanoparticles in lubricants to enhance its thermophysical and tribological properties and these suspensions are termed as Nanolubricants. This review focuses on the effect of nanoparticle additives on thermophysical and tribological properties of base lubricant. Initial section briefly summarizes the variation in thermophysical properties namely viscosity, thermal conductivity, density and specific heat of nanolubricants. In later section, the coefficient of friction and anti-wear properties of nanolubricants are summarized. This review along with the replenishment of current knowledge, also discusses the fundamental mechanisms that evolve with the dispersion of nanoparticles.
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
1 Introduction
Lubricants contribute in energy saving and life of a mechanical system. Basically, lubricants are used for cooling, sealing, and lubrication. It adheres to the moving surfaces and thus forms fluid films, which separates the surfaces of moving parts [1] and also removes heat and wear particles from the system. Commercially available lubricants are composed of wide variety of base oil and additives. Base oils are broadly classified as mineral, synthetic, and biological oil [2].
Additives are used to maintain overall performance of the lubricant such as film formation, clotting, viscosity stabilizer, anti-corrosion, anti-wear, anti-friction, etc. [1]. Chemical additives such as sulphur, chlorine, phosphorous, etc. are added to improve the lubrication performance by forming a sacrificial chemical layer; however these additives have hazardous effect on the environment [3]. Some recent studies reveal the potential of nanoparticle additives [2]. Nanoparticle additives are divided into seven types, based on the characteristic chemical element: metal, metal oxide, carbon, sulphide, rare earth compounds, nanocomposite and others [4]. Nanolubricant shows significantly modified thermophysical and tribological properties [5,6,7,8].
Heat transfer and flow behavior of nanolubricants depends upon its thermophysical properties. Viscosity of nanolubricants determines the shearing force between the adjacent fluid layers, which is responsible for viscous friction. Kole and Dey [5] reported an increment of nearly 3 times in viscosity with the dispersion of 2.5% volume fraction of CuO nanoparticles in gear oil (IBP Hauli-68). Jatti and Singh [9] used 1.5% weight fraction of CuO nanoparticles in engine oil and reported 18.2% increment in viscosity. Considering ethylene glycol (EG) as base fluid, Xie et al. [10] reported 29.2% increment in viscosity with 5% volume fraction of MgO nanoparticles, whereas Yu et al. [11] observed 138% increment with 9% volume fraction of AlN nanoparticles. Kotia and Ghosh [7] reported 10.5% increment in viscosity with 0.5% volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticle in gear oil (SAE EP90). Ettefaghi et al. [12] observed 1.74% increment in viscosity with 0.2% volume fraction of carbon nanoballs (CNB) in engine oil (SAE 20 W50). Increment in viscosity with the addition of nanoparticles is attributed to agglomeration of nanoparticles in nanolubricants, which prevents easy movement of adjacent oil layers. Ettefaghi et al. [13, 14] reported a slight decrease in viscosity at lower volume fraction due to the presence of nanoparticles between the oil layers leading to easy movement of adjacent layers.
Thermal conductivity of lubricant plays a dominating role in determining its cooling behavior, however, the low thermal conductivity of conventional lubricants limit their performance. Recent studies show the application of nanoparticles as thermal conductivity improver [15]. Paul et al. [16] reported 200% increment in thermal conductivity of EG with 7% volume fraction of ZrO2 nanoparticles. Li et al. [17], with the same base fluid (EG) and volume fraction (7%), observed 9.13% enhancement in thermal conductivity using ZnO nanoparticles. This varying behavior with different nanoparticles in same base fluid motivates to summarize the results reported by various authors. Yu et al. [11] observed 38.71% increment in thermal conductivity of EG with 10% volume fraction of AlN nanoparticles. Authors reported the variation in thermal conductivity with volume fraction of nanoparticle is linear [11, 15, 17], which could be attributed to the lubricant layering [18]. However, some authors reported non-linear increment in thermal conductivity with nanoparticle volume fraction [10, 17].
Density of nanolubricants provides an account of nanoparticle additives it contains. Most of the authors have reported linear increment in density with nanoparticle volume fraction [7, 19, 20]. Mahbubul et al. [21] reported 0.54% increment in density of R141b refrigerant with 15% volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles. Kedziersk [22] reported 10.9% increment in density of polyolestrol lubricant (RL68H) with 15% volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles.
Specific heat contributes in heat transfer performance of nanolubricants [23]. Shin and Banerjee [24] reported 14.5% increment in specific heat of eutectic salt mixture lubricant with 1% volume fraction of SiO2 nanoparticles. The formation of chain like nanostructure is the probable reason for such enhancement. Ghazvini et al. [25] observed 30% increment in the specific heat of engine oil (SAE 20W40) with 1% weight fraction of nano-diamond. However, Elias et al. [23] reported 14% decrement in specific heat of EG with 1% volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles. Authors reported that the nature of variation in specific heat of nanolubricants depends on the specific heat of nanoparticles [23, 25].
The main application of lubricants is to reduce the wear and maintain the surface quality [2]. The dispersed nanoparticles improve the tribological properties of base lubricants by various mechanisms like ball bearing effect [8, 26], mending effect [27], tribofilm formation [28], polishing effect [8, 29] etc. Tao et al. [8] reported that the diamond nanoparticles dispersed in paraffin oil, penetrates into the rubbing surfaces, which convert sliding motion into rolling motion by acting as ball bearing. Liu et al. [27] observed the deposition of Cu nanoparticles onto the wear scar using scanning tunneling microscopy, which is termed as mending effect. Zhou et al. [28] observed that the nanoparticle of Cu interact with the friction pair surfaces to form a tribofilm, which principally enhance the antiwear ability of the friction surfaces. Tang et al. [29] observed the decrease in surface roughness due to the surface polishing effect, which produces micro-plateaus with extremely smooth surfaces and almost uniform height. Lee et al. [30] reported 24% decrease in frictional coefficient for mineral oil using 0.5% volume fraction of graphite nanoparticles. Chang et al. [31] reported 60% reduction in frictional coefficient for lithium grease using 2% volume fraction of graphite nanoparticles. Kimura et al. [32] reported 75% reduction in wear for paraffinic mineral oils with 8% volume fraction of boron nitride (BN) nanoparticles. BN adheres to the surfaces and slightly increase the friction but significantly decreases the wear. Ma et al. [33] observed the negative wear with ZrO2 nanoparticles in machine oil, due to high deposition rate as compared to wear rate. Thottackkad et al. [34] reported that CeO2 nanoparticles display highest reduction (17%) in wear for coconut oil as compared to paraffin oil and engine oil. Authors have observed that the specific wear rate decreases at first then comes to a minimum level and then increases with the increase in volume fraction of nanoparticles.
Fig. 1 represents the various mechanisms involved in augmentation in thermophysical and tribological properties of nanolubricants. Thermophysical properties of nanolubricants are influenced by Brownian motion [35], particle agglomeration [5], clustering [6], interfacial layer [36] etc. Dispersed nanoparticles are contributed in mending, polishing, ball bearing and third body mechanism [2], which contributes in tribological property enhancement.
Graphical representation of different mechanisms involved with nanolubricant
The effect of nanoparticles additives on thermophysical and tribological properties of nanolubricants have been summarized in the present review. Various mechanism involved with the dispersion of nanoparticles is discussed in details. Nanolubricants are categorized on basis of nanoparticles type (metal, metal oxide, carbon, sulphide, rare earth compounds, nanocomposite and others) and base fluid (mineral, synthetic, and biological oil). This arrangement enables us to easily understand the properties enhancement mechanism involved with different nanoparticle additives.
2 Thermophysical properties
The thermophysical properties of nanolubricants are important factors for heat transfer performance of machines. These properties include viscosity, density, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity. In the subsequent section, the variation of thermophysical properties with the dispersion of nanoparticles has been discussed.
2.1 Viscosity
Viscosity of a nanolubricant determines its load carrying capacity and viscous friction. Esfe et al. [37] dispersed 1% volume fraction of MWCNTs/SiO2 (hybrid) nanoparticles in engine oil (SAE 40) and observed 25% increment in viscosity. Kotia et al. [38] used 1.5% volume fraction of CuO nanoparticles in hydraulic oil (SAE 68) and reported 15% increment in viscosity. Ali et al. [39] observed 4.5% decrease in viscosity of engine oil (SAE 5 W30) with the dispersion of 0.05% weight fraction of Al2O3/TiO2 (hybrid) nanoparticles, which is beneficial for enhancement of automotive engine efficiency. Asadia et al. [40] dispersed 2% volume fraction of MWCNT/SiO2 (hybrid) nanoparticles in engine oil (SAE 50) and observed 25% increment in viscosity. Mariano et al. [20] used 5.7% volume fraction of Co3O4 nanoparticles in EG and observed 40% increment in viscosity. Fig. 2 [5, 7, 10, 11, 37, 38, 40,41,42,43,44] shows the viscosity of different types of nanolubricants. It has been observed that viscosity of nanolubricants increase with the dispersion of nanoparticles. A summary of viscosity of nanolubricants is shown in Table 1.
2.2 Thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity of nanolubricants significantly contributes to its heat transfer behavior. Sharma et al. [46] reported 18% enhancement in thermal conductivity of EG with 1% volume fraction of silver nanoparticles. Wei et al. [47] observed 3.1% increment in thermal conductivity of diathermic oil (L-QC 320) with the dispersion of 1% volume fraction of TiO2 nanoparticles. The increment in thermal conductivity follows a linear trend with nanoparticle volume fraction. Li et al. [17] reported 14% increment in thermal conductivity of EG with 10.5% weight fraction of ZnO nanoparticles and also reported that this increment in thermal conductivity with concentration of nanoparticles is nonlinear. Aberoumand et al. [48] observed 18.5% enhancement in thermal conductivity with 0.72% weight fraction of Ag nanoparticles in heat transfer oil, which is further increased with the rise in temperature due to Brownian motion of nanoparticles. Sharif et al. [49] reported 4% increment in thermal conductivity of polyalkylene glycol with the dispersion of 1% volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles, however it decreases with rise in temperature. Such ambiguous variation in behavior of nanolubricants, demands for a comprehensive study on them. Fig. 3 [6, 11, 16, 46, 47, 49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56] shows the thermal conductivity of different nanolubricant. It has been noted that thermal conductivity of nanolubricant enhanced with the dispersion of nanoparticle. A summary of thermal conductivity of nanolubricants is shown in Table 2.
2.3 Density
Density of base lubricant significantly varies with the dispersion of particles, however its data in literature are still scarce [59]. Vajjha et al. [60] performed a bench mark study on measurement of the density of different nanolubricants. They reported 26.5%, 32.5% and 19.5% increment in density of EG with the dispersion of 10%, 5.8% and 6% volume fraction Al2O3, Sb2O5/SnO2 and ZnO nanoparticles respectively. Kedzierski [61] observed 50% increment in density of commercial polyolester (RL68H) with the dispersion of 39.2% weight fraction of CuO nanoparticles. Further, author reported 39.7% increment in density of same base lubricant with 39.6% weight fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles [22]. Kotia and Ghosh [7] reported 6.5% increment in density of gear oil (SAE EP90) with the dispersion of 2% volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles. Further, author reported 8.5% increment in density of hydraulic oil (SAE 68) with 1.5% volume fraction of CuO nanoparticles [38]. Dubey et al. [62] reported 1.5% increment in density of 150 N API Group II base oil with dispersion of 4% volume fraction of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymer nanoparticles. Further they reported that the decrease in size of PTFE nanoparticles leads to rise in density, which is due to the increase Van der Waal’s interaction between particles and base fluid. Fig. 4 [7, 21, 22, 38, 60,61,62] shows the density of various nanolubricants. It has been noted that density of nanolubricants increases with the dispersion of nanoparticles. Table 3 summarizes the density of nanolubricants.
2.4 Specific heat
Specific heat is the key parameter for analyzing the heat transfer performance of nanolubricants. Murshed [63] dispersed 5% volume fraction, each of Al, Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles in EG and observed 4.6%, 16.5% and 10.5% reduction in specific heat respectively. Also, 5% volume fraction of Al produces 13.5% reduction in specific heat of engine oil. Author mentioned that the low specific heat of nanoparticles as compared to base lubricant is responsible for the linear decrement in nanolubricant’s specific heat with nanoparticle volume fraction. Barbes et al. [64] observed 5.1% reduction in specific heat of EG with dispersion of 2.5% volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles. Popa et al. [65] reported a minor decrement of 1.2% in specific heat with 5% volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles in EG. Fig. 5 [24, 25, 63] shows the specific heat of various nanolubricants. Table 4 summarizes the specific heat of nanolubricants.
Diathermic oil: L-QC 320; Base oil: 500SN.
3 Coefficient of friction and anti-wear properties of nanolubricants
Dispersion of nanoparticles produces significant modification in coefficient of friction and anti-wear properties of base lubricants. The lubrication mechanism with nanoparticles as aforementioned includes rolling, triobofilm formation, mending, patching and surface polishing effect ([8, 26,27,28,29, 66]). In the subsequent section, the modification in coefficient of friction and anti-wear properties of base lubricant with the dispersion of nanoparticles has been discussed.
3.1 Coefficient of friction
Coefficient of friction is a crucial parameter for the performance of the lubricants. Lee et al. [30] observed 24% reduction in coefficient of friction with 0.5% volume fraction of graphite nanoparticles dispersed in gear oil (supergear oil EP220). The graphite nanoparticles act as ball bearing spacers between friction surfaces, which reduced contact between them. Chang et al. [31] reported 40% decrease in coefficient of friction with 1% weight fraction of TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in lithium grease. This is attributed to rolling action by spherical nanoparticles, which is similar to micro bearing action. Wang et al. [67] observed 34% reduction in coefficient of friction with 0.15% weight fraction of Cu nanoparticles dispersed in mineral oil (SN650). The possible reason for this reduction may be due to the formation of self repairing film in lubricating oil, which separates the friction surfaces. Padgurskas et al. [68] reported 49% reduction in coefficient of friction with Cu nanoparticles (0.5 g) dispersed in SAE 10 mineral oil (100 ml), which is due to formation of metallic nanoparticle layer. Wu et al. [43] reported 18.4% reduction in coefficient of friction with 0.1% volume fraction of CuO nanoparticles dispersed in engine oil (SAE30 LB51153), which is attributed to rolling effect by spherical nanoparticles. Fig. 6 [9, 30, 31, 33, 34, 43, 66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84] shows the variation in friction coefficient for different nanolubricants. It has been observed that wide varieties of nanolubricants were tested for coefficient of frication property. It has been noted that that coefficient of friction improved in most of the cases. Table 5 shows the summary of variation in frictional coefficient with dispersion of nanoparticles.
3.2 Anti-wear
Anti-wear properties of nanolubricants are responsible for durability of equipment. Sia et al. [91] reported significant reduction in wear with 0.5% weight fraction of SiO2 nanoparticles in mineral oil (Ecocut HSG 905), which is attributed to the deposition of nanoparticles in surface grooves. However at 0.8% weight fraction of SiO2 nanoparticles, degradation in behavior is observed due to collision of nanoparticles, which leads to less deposition of nanoparticles. Chang et al. [31] observed 60% decrease in wear with 2% weight fraction of CuO nanoparticles dispersed in lithium grease. CuO nanoparticles penetrate into asperities of the rubbing surfaces and form a protective tribofilm. Zhang et al. [74] reported 90% reduction in wear with 0.5% weight fraction of Cu nanoparticles dispersed in engine oil (SJ 15 W/40). It was observed that initially the Cu nanoparticles tribolayer between the rubbing surfaces is desorbed due to rubbing process. But, due to the enough energy on the fresh wear surface, Cu gets attached on the shearing surface easily by melting and welding. The formation of in-situ protective layer, compensate the wear loss of tribo-pairs. Wang et al. [67] observed formation of self repairing film, which lead to 32% reduction in width of worn trace with 0.15% weight fraction of Cu nanoparticles dispersed in mineral oil (SN650). Padgurskas et al. [68] used Fe, Cu and Co nanoparticles (0.5 g) and their combinations in SAE 10 mineral oil (100 ml). It was observed that a maximum reduction of 47% in wear with Cu nanoparticles, where as 23% and 11% reductions are observed with Fe and Co nanoparticle respectively. Wu et al. [43] observed 78.8% reduction in worn scar depth with 0.1% volume fraction of CuO nanoparticles dispersed in base oil (SAE30 LB51163–11), which is attributed to deposition of CuO nanoparticles on the worn surface. Fig. 7 [9, 31,32,33,34, 39, 43, 66,67,68, 70,71,72,73,74,75,76, 78,79,80,81, 86, 92,93,94] shows the anti-wear properties of different nanolubricants. Table 6 shows the summary of variation in wear with dispersion of nanoparticles.
Engine oil: SE15W40, SAE20W40, 10 W30, Turbo oil; Mineral oil: Supergear EP220, SAE10, SN 650; Refrigerant oil: R-22; Commercial oil: R68.
Figure 8 represents the fraction of research data available in open literature for different properties of nanolubricants. It has been observed that friction coefficient and anti-wear properties of nanolubricants are widely investigated, which also indicates the positive attitude of research community towards potential nanoparticle additives. It has also been noted that there are only few experimental results are reported for density and specific heat of nanolubricants, however well established mathematical models are widely used for prediction in variation of these with varying nanoparticle volume fraction.
Fractions of results available for different properties of nanolubricant
4 Concluding remarks
This review article summarizes the effect of nanoparticle additives on thermophysical and tribological properties of base lubricants. Various mechanisms evolve with the dispersion of nanoparticles, which contributes to enhancement of thermophysical and tribological properties, are also discussed. This review provides a platform for the comparative study for properties of different nanoparticle and base lubricant combinations.
Most of the research groups have reported increment in viscosity with nanoparticles volume fraction, however a slight decrement is also reported at lower volume fraction. Dispersion of nanoparticles improves the thermal conductivity of lubricant, which is attributed to nanoparticles size, shape and volume fraction. Density of nanolubricant is varied with the addition of nanoparticles. Smaller size and higher volume fraction of nanoparticles leads to increment in density. Nanoparticles having higher specific heat, contributes in increment in specific heat of nanolubricants. However, most of the nanoparticles (metal and metal oxide) produce decrement in specific heat, which is due to their lower specific heat. Coefficient of friction and anti-wear properties of nanolubricant are significantly enhanced as compared to base lubricant due to various mechanisms such as ball bearing, mending, tribofilm formation and surface polishing effects. Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are most widely used as additives to produce enhancement in the properties of lubricants.
Thus, the prospect of using nanolubricants as an alternative to conventional lubricants appears to be very promising.
References
Mortier R M, Fox M F, Orszulik S T 2010 Chemistry and technology of lubricants, 3rd edition, Springer London 107115
Shahnazar S, Bagheri S, Hamid SBA (2016) Enhancing lubricant properties by nanoparticle additives. Int J Hydrog Energy 41(4):3153–3170
Thottackkad MV, Perikinalil RK, Kumarapillai PN (2012) Experimental evaluation on the tribological properties of coconut oil by the addition of CuO nanoparticles. Int J Precis Eng Manuf 13(1):111–116
Dai W, Kheireddin GH, Liang H (2016) Roles of nanoparticles in oil lubrication. Tribol Int 102:88–98
Kole M, Dey TK (2011a) Effect of aggregation on the viscosity of copper oxide–gear oil nanofluids. Int J Therm Sci 50(9):1741–1747
Kole M, Dey TK (2011b) Role of interfacial layer and clustering on the effective thermal conductivity of CuO–gear oil nanofluids. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 35:1490–1495
Kotia A, Ghosh SK (2015) Experimental analysis for rheological properties of aluminium oxide (Al2O3)/gear oil (SAE EP-90) nanolubricant used in HEMM. Indust Lubric Tribol 67(6):600–605
Tao X, Jiazheng Z, Kang X (1996) The ball bearing effect of diamond nanoparticles as an oil additive. J Phys D Appl Phys 29(11):2932–2937
Jatti VS, Singh TP (2015) Copper oxide nano-particles as friction-reduction and anti-wear additives in lubricating oil. J Mech Sci Technol 29(2):793–798
Xie H, Yu W, Chen W (2010) MgO nanofluids: higher thermal conductivity and lower viscosity among ethylene glycol-based nanofluids containing oxide nanoparticles. J Exp Nanosci 5(5):463–472
Yu W, Xie H, Li Y, Chen L (2011) Experimental investigation on thermal conductivity and viscosity of aluminum nitride nanofluid. Particuology 9(2):187–191
Ettefaghi E, Rashidi A, Ahmadi H, Mohtasebi SS, Pourkhalil M (2013a) Thermal and rheological properties of oil-based nanofluids from different carbon nanostructures. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 48:178–182
Ettefaghi E, Ahmadi H, Rashidi A, Mohtasebi SS, Alaei M (2013b) Experimental evaluation of engine oil properties containing copper oxide nanoparticles as a nanoadditive. Int J Indust Chem 4(1):1–6
Ettefaghi E, Rashidi A, Ahmadi H, Nouralishahi A, Mohtasebi SS (2013c) Preparation and thermal properties of oil-based nanofluid from multi-walled carbon nanotubes and engine oil as nano-lubricant. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 46:142–147
Karimi A, Sadatlu MAA, Saberi B, Shariatmadar H, Ashjaee M (2015) Experimental investigation on thermal conductivity of water based nickel ferrite nanofluids. Adv Powder Technol 26(6):1529–1536
Paul G, Chopkar M, Manna I, Das PK (2010) Techniques for measuring the thermal conductivity of nanofluids: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 14(7):1913–1924
Li H, Wang L, He Y, Hu Y, Zhu J, Jiang B (2015) Experimental investigation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of ethylene glycol based ZnO nano fluids. Appl Therm Eng 88:363–368
Mary EEJ, Suganthi KS, Manikandan S, Anusha N, Rajan KS (2015) Cerium oxide-ethylene glycol nanofluids with improved transport properties: Prepration and elucidation of mechanism. J Tiwan Instit Chem Eng 49:183–191
Pak BC, Cho YI (1998) Hydrodynamic and heat transfer study of dispersed fluids with submicron metallic oxide particles. Experiment Heat Transf Int J 11(2):151–170
Mariano A, Pastoriza-Gallego MJ, Lugo L, Mussari L, Pineiro MM (2015) Co3O4 ethylene glycol-based nanofluids: thermal conductivity, viscosity and high pressure density. Int J Heat Mass Transf 85:54–60
Mahbubul IM, Saidur R, Amalina MA (2013) Thermal conductivity, viscosity and density of R141b refrigerant based nanofluid. Proc Eng 56:310–315
Kedzierski MA (2013) Viscosity and density of aluminum oxide nanolubricant. Int J Refrig 36(4):1333–1340
Elias MM, Mahbubul IM, Saidur R, Sohel MR, Shahrul IM, Khaleduzzaman SS, Sadeghipour S (2014) Experimental investigation on the thermo-physical properties of Al2O3 nanoparticles suspended in car radiator coolant. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 54:48–53
Shin D, Banerjee D (2014) Specific heat of nanofluids synthesized by dispersing alumina nanoparticles in alkali salt eutectic. Int J Heat Mass Transf 74:210–214
Ghazvini M, Akhavan-Behabadi MA, Rasouli E, Raisee M (2012) Heat transfer properties of nanodiamond–engine oil nanofluid in laminar flow. Heat Transf Eng 33(6):525–532
Rapoport L, Leshchinsky V, Lvovsky M, Nepomnyashchy O, Volovik Y, Tenne R (2002) Mechanism of friction of fullerenes. Indust Lubric Tribol 54(4):171–176
Liu G, Li X, Qin B, Xing D, Guo Y, Fan R (2004) Investigation of the mending effect and mechanism of copper nano-particles on a tribologically stressed surface. Tribol Lett 17(4):961–966
Zhou J, Yang J, Zhang Z, Liu W, Xue Q (1999) Study on the structure and tribological properties of surface-modified Cu nanoparticles. Mater Res Bull 34(9):1361–1367
Tang ZL, Li SH (2014) A review of recent developments of friction modifier for liquid lubricants. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 18(3):119–139
Lee CG, Hwang YJ, Choi YM, Lee JK, Choi C, Oh JM (2009b) A study on the tribological characteristics of graphite nano lubricants. Int J Precis Eng Manuf 10(1):85–90
Chang H, Lan CW, Chen CH, Kao MJ, Guo JB (2014) Anti-wear and friction properties of nanoparticles as additives in the lithium grease. Int J Precis Eng Manuf 15(10):2059–2063
Kimura Y, Wakabayashi T, Okada K, Wada T, Nishikawa H (1999) Boron Nitride as a lubricant additive. Wear 232(2):199–296
Ma S, Zheng S, Cao D, Guo H (2010) Anti-wear and friction performance of ZrO2 nanoparticles as lubricant additive. Particuology 8(5):468–472
Thottackkad MV, Rajendrakumar PK, Prabhakaran NK (2014) Tribological analysis of surfactant nanolubricants containing CeO2 nanoparticles. Maney Online 8(3):125–130
Jang SP, Choi SUS (2004) Role of Brownian motion in the enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Appl Phys Lett 84:4316
Kotia A, Borkakoti S, Deval P, Ghosh SK (2017) Review of interfacial layer’s effect on thermal conductivity in nanofluid. Heat Mass Transf:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-016-1963-6
Esfe MH, Afrand M, Yan WM, Yarmand H, Toghraie D, Dahari M (2016) Effects of temperature and concentration on rheological behavior of MWCNTs/SiO2(20–80)-SAE40 hybrid nano-lubricant. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 76:133–138
Kotia A, Haldar A, Kumar R, Deval P, Ghosh S K (2017) Effect of copper oxide nanoparticles on thermophysical properties of hydraulic oil-based nanolubricants. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng: 1-8 DOI: 1007/s40436-016-0664-x
Ali MKA, Xianjun H, Mai L, Bicheng C, Turkson RF, Qingping C (2016) Reducing frictional power losses and improving the scuffing resistance in automotive engines using hybrid nanomaterials as nano-lubricant additives. Wear 364:270–281
Asadia A, Asadia M, Rezaeic M, Siahmargoic M, Asadic F (2016) The effect of temperature and solid concentration on dynamic viscosity of MWCNT/MgO (20–80)–SAE50 hybrid nano-lubricant and proposing a new correlation: An experimental study. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 78:48–53
Agarwal DK, Vaidyanathan A, Kumar SS (2013) Synthesis and characterization of kerosene–alumina nanofluids. Appl Therm Eng 60(1):275–284
Shima PD, Philip J, Raj B (2010) Influence of aggregation on thermal conductivity in stable and unstable nanofluids. Appl Phys Lett 97(15):153113
Wu YY, Tsui WC, Liu TC (2007) Experimental analysis of tribological properties of lubricating oils with nanoparticle additives. Wear 262(7):819–825
Nabeel Rashin M, Hemalatha J (2013) Synthesis and viscosity studies of novel eco-friendly ZnO-coconut oil nanofluid. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 51:312–318
Lijesh KP, Muzakkir SM, Hirani M (2015) Experimental Tribological Performance Evaluation of Nano Lubricant Using Multi-Walled Carbon Nano-Tubes (MWCNT). Int J Appl Eng Res 10(6):14543–14550
Sharma P, Baek IH, Cho T, Park S, Lee KB (2011) Enhancement of thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol based silver nanofluids. Powder Technol 208(1):7–19
Wei B, Zou C, Li X (2017) Experimental investigation on stability and thermal conductivity of diathermic oil based TiO2 nanofluids. Int J Heat Mass Transf 104:537–543
Aberoumand S, Jafarimoghaddam A, Moravej M, Aberoumand H, Javaherdeh K (2016) Experimental study on the rheological behavior of silver-heat transfer oil nanofluid and suggesting two empirical based correlations for thermal conductivity and viscosity of oil based nanofluids. Appl Therm Eng 101:362–372
Sharif MZ, Azmi WH, Redhwan AAM, Mamat R (2016) Investigation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of Al2O3/PAG nanolubricant for application in automotive air conditioning system. Int J Refrig 70:93–102
Hong KS, Hong TK, Yang HS (2006) Thermal conductivity of Fe nanofluids depending on the cluster size of nanoparticles. Appl Phys Lett 88(3):031901
Wang X, Xu X, Choi SUS (1999) Thermal conductivity of nanoparticle-fluid mixture. J Thermophys Heat Transf 13(4):474–480
Xie H, Wang J, Xi T, Liu Y, Al F (2002) Dependence of the thermal conductivity of nanoparticle-fluid mixture on the base fluid. J Mater Sci Lett 21(19):1469–1471
Choi C, Yoo HS, Oh JM (2008) Preparation and heat transfer properties of nanoparticle-in-transformer oil dispersions as advanced energy-efficient coolants. Curr Appl Phys 8(6):710–712
Hwang Y, Park HS, Lee JK, Jung WH (2006) Thermal conductivity and lubrication characteristics of nanofluids. Curr Appl Phys 6:67–71
Kang HU, Kim SH, Oh JM (2006) Estimation of thermal conductivity of nanofluid using experimental effective particle volume. Experiment Heat Transf 19(3):181–191
Liu MS, Lin MCC, Huang IT, Wang CC (2005) Enhancement of thermal conductivity with carbon nanotube for nanofluids. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 32(9):1202–1210
Lee S, Choi SUS, Li SA, Eastman JA (1999) Measuring thermal conductivity of fluids containing oxide nanoparticles. J Heat Transf 121(2):280–289
Saeedinia M, Akhavan-Behabadi MA, Razi P (2012) Thermal and rheological characteristics of CuO–Base oil nanofluid flow inside a circular tube. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 39(1):152–159
Said Z, Kamyar A, Saidur R (2013) Experimental investigation on the stability and density of TiO2, Al2O3, SiO2 and TiSiO4 IOP Conference. Earth Environ Sci 16(1):012002
Vajjha RS, Das DK, Mahagaonkar BM (2009) Density measurement of different nanofluids and their comparision with theory. Pet Sci Technol 27:612–624
Kedzierski M (2012) A Viscosity and density of CuO nanolubricants. Int J Refrig 35:1997–2002
Dubey MK, Bijwe J, Ramakumar SS (2013) PTFE based nano-lubricants. Wear 306(1):80–88
Murshed SMS (2011) Determination of effective specific heat of nanofluids. J Exp Nanosci 6(5):539–546
Barbes B, Paramo R, Blanco E, Gallego MJP, Pineiro MM, Legido JL, Casanova C (2013) Thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity measurement of Al2O3 nanofluids. J Therm Anal Calorimet 111:1615–1625
Popa CV, Nguyen CT, Gherasim I (2017) New specific heat data for Al2O3 and CuO nanoparticles in suspension in water and Ethylene Glycol. Int J Therm Sci 111:108–115
Wan Q, Jin Y, Sun P, Ding Y (2015) Tribological behavior of lubricant oil containing boron nitride nanoparticles. Proc Eng 102:1038–1045
Wang XL, Yin YL, Zhang GN, Wang WY, Zhao KK (2013) Study on Antiwear and Repairing Performances about Mass of Nano-Copper Lubricating Additives to 45 Steel. Phys Procedia 50:466–472
Padgurskas J, Rukuiza R, Prosycevas I, Kreivaitis R (2013) Tribological properties of lubricant additives of Fe, Cu and Co nanoparticles. Tribol Int 60:224–232
Neuffer H, Ghaednia H, Jackson R (2014) Wear volume analysis using a nano lubricant for ball on Disk Testing. Tribol Lubric Technol 70(4):22–24
Zhang BS, Xu BS, Xu Y, Gao F, Shi PJ, Wu YX (2011) Cu nanoparticles effect on the tribological properties of hydrosilicate powders as lubricant additive for steel steel contacts. Tribol Int 44(7–8):878–886
Long YH, Yi X, Jing SP, Shi XB, Li WX, Qian L (2008) Tribological properties and lubricating mechanisms of Cu nanoparticles in lubricant. Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc China 18:636–641
Kaviyarasu T, Vasanthan B (2015) Improvement of tribological and thermal properties of engine lubricant by using nano-materials. J Chem Pharmaceut Sci 7:208–211
Tarasov S, Kolubaevv A, Belyaev S, Lerner M, Tepper F (2002) Study of friction reduction by nanocopper additives to motor oil. Wear 252:63–69
Zhang M, Wang X, Liu W, Fu X (2009) Performance and anti-wear mechanism of Cu nanoparticles as lubricating oil additives. Indust Lubric Tribol 61(6):311–318
Maliar T, Achanta S, Cesiulis H, Drees D (2015) Tribological behaviour of mineral and rapeseed oils containing iron particles. Indust Lubric Tribol 67(4):308–314
Song X, Zheng S, Zhang J, Li W, Chen Q, Cao B (2012) Synthesis of monodispersed ZnAl2O4 nanoparticles and their tribology properties as lubricant additives. Mater Res Bull 47(12):4305–4310
Liu H, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Chen Y, Zhang P, Zhang Z (2015) Preparation and evaluation of tribological properties of oil-soluble rice-like CuO nanoparticles. Industr Lubric Tribol 67(3):276–283
Baskar S, Sriram G (2014) Tribological Behavior of Journal Bearing Material under Different Lubricants. Tribol Indust 36(2):127–133
Xiang L, Gao C, Wang Y, Pan Z, Hu D (2014) Tribological and tribochemical properties of magnetite nanoflakes as additives in oil lubricants. Particuology 17:136–144
Peng DX, Kang Y (2014) Preparation of SiO2nanoparticles and investigation of its tribological behaviour as additive in liquid paraffin. Indust Lubric Tribol 66(6):662–670
Chang H, Li ZY, Kao MJ, Huang KD, Wu HM (2010) Tribological property of TiO2 nanolubricant on piston and cylinder surfaces. J Alloys Compd 495(2):481–484
Ingole S, Charanpahari A, Kakade A, Umare SS, Bhatt DV, Menghani J (2013) Tribological behavior of nano TiO2 as an additive in base oil. Wear 301:776–785
Lee J, Kim H, Lee B, Park J (2006) Performance evaluation of nano-lubricants at thrust slide-bearing of scroll compressors. International Compressor Engineering Conference Paper. Purdue University, USA, pp 1–8
Lee J, Cho S, Hwang Y, Cho HJ, Lee C, Choi Y, Ku BC, Lee H, Lee B, Kim D, Kim SH (2009a) Application of fullerene-added nano-oil for lubrication enhancement in friction surfaces. Tribol Int 42:440–447
Vadiraj A, Manivasagam G, Kamani K, Sreenivasan VS (2012) Effect of nano oil additive proportions on friction and wear performance of automotive materials. Tribol Indust 1(34):3–10
Luo T, Wei X, Huang X, Yang F (2014) Tribology properties of Al2O3 nanoparticles as lubricating oil additives. Ceram Int 40(5):7143–7149
Alves SM, Mello VS, Faria EA, Camargo APP (2016) Nanolubricants developed from tiny CuO nanoparticles. Tribol Int 100:263–271
Chu HY, Hsu WC, Lin JF (2010) The anti-scuffing performance of diamond nano-particles as an oil additive. Wear 268(7–8):960–967
Khuzani GN, Asoodar MA, Rahnama M, Sharifnasab H (2012) Evaluation of engine parts wear using nano lubrication oil in agricultural tractors nano lubrication. Global J Sci Front Res Agric Vet Sci 12(8):37–41
Sunqing Q, Junxiu D, Guoxu C (1999) Tribological properties of CeF3 nanoparticles as additives in lubricating oils. Wear 203(1):35–38
Sia SY, Bassyony EZ, Sarhan AD (2014) Development of SiO2 nanolubrication system to be used in sliding bearings. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 71(5–8):1277–1284
Chou R, Battez AH, Cabello JJ, Viesca JL, Osorio A, Sagastume A (2010) Tribological behavior of polyalphaolefin with the addition of nickel nanoparticles. Tribol Int 43(12):2327–2332
Battez AH, Gonzalez R, Felgueroso D, Fernández JE, del Rocío FM, García MA, Penuelas I (2007) Wear prevention behaviour of nanoparticle suspension under extreme pressure conditions. Wear 263(7):1568–1574
Peña-Parás L, Taha-Tijerina J, Garza L, Maldonado-Cortés D, Michalczewski R, Lapray C (2015) Effect of CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticle additives on the tribological behavior of fully formulated oils. Wear 332:1256–1261
Chen L, Zhu D (2016) Preparation and tribological properties of unmodified and oleic acid-modified CuS nanorods as lubricating oil additives. Ceram Int
Le-Ping Zhou, Bu-Xuan Wang, Xiao-Feng Peng, Xiao-Ze Du, Yong-Ping Yang, (2015) On the specific heat capacity of CuO nanofluid. Adv Mech Eng 2:172085
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome.
We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us.
We confirm that we have given due consideration to the protection of intellectual property associated with this work and that there are no impediments to publication, including the timing of publication, with respect to intellectual property. In so doing we confirm that we have followed the regulations of our institutions concerning intellectual property.
We understand that the Corresponding Author is the sole contact for the Editorial process (including Editorial Manager and direct communications with the office). He/she is responsible for communicating with the other authors about progress, submissions of revisions and final approval of proofs.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kotia, A., Rajkhowa, P., Rao, G.S. et al. Thermophysical and tribological properties of nanolubricants: A review. Heat Mass Transfer 54, 3493–3508 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-018-2351-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-018-2351-1