Abstract
AUSGeoid09 is the new Australia-wide gravimetric quasigeoid model that has been a posteriori fitted to the Australian Height Datum (AHD) so as to provide a product that is practically useful for the more direct determination of AHD heights from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). This approach is necessary because the AHD is predominantly a third-order vertical datum that contains a ~1 m north-south tilt and ~0.5 m regional distortions with respect to the quasigeoid, meaning that GNSS-gravimetric-quasigeoid and AHD heights are inconsistent. Because the AHD remains the official vertical datum in Australia, it is necessary to provide GNSS users with effective means of recovering AHD heights. The gravimetric component of the quasigeoid model was computed using a hybrid of the remove-compute-restore technique with a degree-40 deterministically modified kernel over a one-degree spherical cap, which is superior to the remove-compute-restore technique alone in Australia (with or without a cap). This is because the modified kernel and cap combine to filter long-wavelength errors from the terrestrial gravity anomalies. The zero-tide EGM2008 global gravitational model to degree 2,190 was used as the reference field. Other input data are ~1.4 million land gravity anomalies from Geoscience Australia, 1′ × 1′ DNSC2008GRA altimeter-derived gravity anomalies offshore, the 9′′ × 9′′ GEODATA-DEM9S Australian digital elevation model, and a readjustment of Australian National Levelling Network (ANLN) constrained to the CARS2006 mean dynamic ocean topography model. To determine the numerical integration parameters for the modified kernel, the gravimetric component of AUSGeoid09 was compared with 911 GNSS-observed ellipsoidal heights at benchmarks. The standard deviation of fit to the GNSS-AHD heights is ±222 mm, which dropped to ±134 mm for the readjusted GNSS-ANLN heights showing that careful consideration now needs to be given to the quality of the levelling data used to assess gravimetric quasigeoid models. The publicly released version of AUSGeoid09 also includes a geometric component that models the difference between the gravimetric quasigeoid and the zero surface of the AHD at 6,794 benchmarks. This a posteriori fitting used least-squares collocation (LSC) in cross-validation mode to determine a correlation length of 75 km for the analytical covariance function, whereas the noise was taken from the estimated standard deviation of the GNSS ellipsoidal heights. After this LSC surface fitting, the standard deviation of fit reduced to ±30 mm, one-third of which is attributable to the uncertainty in the GNSS ellipsoidal heights.
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Acknowledgments
Will Featherstone is the recipient of an Australian Research Council (ARC) Professorial Fellowship (project number DP0663020). Christian Hirt is supported under the ARC’s Discovery Projects funding scheme (project number DP0663020). The views expressed herein are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the ARC. Mick Filmer receives financial support from an Australian Postgraduate Award, Curtin University's Institute for Geoscience Research and the Cooperative Research Centre for Spatial Information. This work was also supported by iVEC (http://www.ivec.org/) through the use of advanced computing resources provided by the SGI Altix facility located at Technology Park, Perth, Australia. Some of our figures were produced using the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT; Wessel and Smith 1998). Nicholas Brown, Guorong Hu and Gary Johnston publish with the permission of the Chief Executive Officer of Geoscience Australia. Special thanks go to the Danish National Space Centre, CSIRO Marine Laboratories and the US National Geospatial Intelligence Agency for making their data freely available. Thanks also go to J. Hicks for proofreading and productive discussions and to the three anonymous reviewers for their very perceptive, thorough and rapid reviews. This is The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR) publication number 234.
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Featherstone, W.E., Kirby, J.F., Hirt, C. et al. The AUSGeoid09 model of the Australian Height Datum. J Geod 85, 133–150 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-010-0422-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-010-0422-2