Abstract
This study introduces powder interlayer bonding (PIB) as a novel joining technique, for the high integrity repair of components, fashioned from two titanium alloys commonly employed in the aerospace industry. The PIB technique in this study utilised a metallic powder interlayer between the two faying surfaces. Heating was provided via induction to create a bond in an inert atmosphere. The PIB technique proved capable of producing high integrity bonds in both Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo. A reduction of less than 10% in strength is seen for bonds created with both alloys. The deficit seen in ductility for the alloys was deemed acceptable for the industrial applications considered.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Peters M, Kumpfert J, Ward CH, Leyens C (2003) Titanium alloys for aerospace applications. Adv Eng Mater 5(6):419–427
Inagaki I, Tsutomu T, Yoshihisa S, Nozomu A 2014 Application and features of titanium for the aerospace industry
Lütjering G (1998) Influence of processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of (α+β) titanium alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 243(1–2):32–45
Peters CLM, Hemptenmacher J, Kumpfert J, Leyens C (2003) Structure and properties of titanium and titanium alloys. In Titanium and Titanium Alloys Fundamentals and Applications. Wiley-VCH, p. 532
Hewitt JS, Davies PD, Thomas MJ, Garratt P, Bache MR (2014) Titanium alloy developments for aeroengine fan systems. Mater Sci Technol 30(15):1919–1924
Davies P, Whittaker M, Thomas M (2013) Development of a new alpha/beta titanium alloy for gas turbine aerofoils. In: In materials science and technology conference and exhibition, Montreal. pp. 2975–2982
Properties and processing of TIMETAL 6–4, TIMET brochure, retrieved from www.timet.com/assets/local/documents/datasheets/alphaandbetaalloys/6-4.pdf
Esslinger J (2003) Titanium in aero engines demands on titanium alloys and processes in aero engines, Proc 10thWorld Conf on Titanium, vol (5). Wiley-VcH Weinheim, Germany, pp. 2845–2852
Choda T, Oyama H, Murakami S (2015) Technology for process design of titanium alloy forging. Kobelco Technol Rev 33:460–465
Boyer R, Welsch G, Collings E (1994) Materials properties handbook: titanium alloys, 1st ed. ASM international, Materials Park, Ohio.
Sauer C, Lutjering G (2001) Influence of α layers at β grain boundaries on mechanical properties of Ti-alloys. Materials Science and Engineering A, 319-321:393-397
Lütjering G, Williams JC (2007) Titanium, 2nd ed. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, New York
Ackert S (2011) Engine maintenance concepts for financiers. Aircr Monit 2:30
Forsdike J (2009) Novel joining and repair of aerospace materials, (Ph.D. Thesis), Swansea University, UK
Sundaresan S, Janaki Ram GD, Madhusudhan Reddy G (1999) Microstructural refinement of weld fusion zones in α–β titanium alloys using pulsed current welding. Mater Sci Eng A 262(1–2):88–100
Yung WKC, Ralph B, Lee WB, Fenn R (1997) An investigation into welding parameters affecting the tensile properties of titanium welds. J Mater Process Technol 63(96):759–764
Baeslack WA III, Becker DW, Froes FH (1984) Advances in titanium alloy welding metallurgy. J Miner Met Mater Soc 36(5):46–58
Weman K (2012) Welding processes handbook, 2nd ed. Woodhead Publishing Cambridge, UK
Otani T (2007) Titanium welding technology Nippon Steel Technical Report No. 95
Lathabai S, Jarvis BL, Barton KJ (2001) Comparison of keyhole and conventional gas tungsten arc welds in commercially pure titanium. Mater Sci Eng A 299(1–2):81–93
Yunlian Q, Ju D, Quan H, Liying Z (2000) Electron beam welding, laser beam welding and gas tungsten arc welding of titanium sheet. Mater Sci Eng A 280(1):177–181
Akman E, Demir A, Canel T, Sinmazçelik T (2009) Laser welding of Ti6Al4V titanium alloys. J Mater Process Technol 209(8):3705–3713
Gao X-L, Zhang L-J, Liu J, Zhang J-X (2013) A comparative study of pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding and TIG welding of thin Ti6Al4V titanium alloy plate. Mater Sci Eng A 559:14–21
Wang S, Wu X (2012) Investigation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy joints with electron beam welding. Mater Des 36:663–670
Mavromihales M, Mason J, Weston W (2003) A case of reverse engineering for the manufacture of wide chord fan blades (WCFB) used in Rolls Royce aero engines. J Mater Process Technol 134(3):279–286
Oliveira JP, Panton B, Zeng Z, Andrei CM, Zhou Y, Miranda RM, Fernandes FMB (2016) Laser joining of NiTi to Ti6Al4V using a Niobium interlayer. Acta Mater 105:9–15
Cai X, Sun D, Li H, Meng C, Wang L, Shen C Dissimilar joining of TiAl alloy and Ni-based superalloy by laser welding technology using V/Cu composite interlayer. Opt Laser Technol 111, 2019(2018):205–213
Mo D, Wang Y, Fang Y, Song T, Jiang X (2018) Influence of welding speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of electron beam-welded. Metals (Basel):8, 10
Kang S-JL (2004) Sintering -densification, grain growth and microstructure, 1st ed. Elsevier Science
Djohari H, Martínez-Herrera JI, Derby JJ (2009) Transport mechanisms and densification during sintering: I. Viscous flow versus vacancy diffusion. Chem Eng Sci 64(17):3799–3809
Davies PD (2014) Fatigue characterisation of Novell titanium alloys for future aero engine components. Swansea University
Humphreys FJ, Hatherly M (2004) Recrystallization and related annealing phenomena, 2nd edn. ELSEVIER Ltd, Oxford
Lü G, Peters M, Gysler A (1984) Influence of texture on fatigue properties of Ti-6Al-4V. Metall Mater Trans A 15(8):1597–1605
Lutjering G (1998) Influence of processing on microstructue and mechanical properties of alpha & beta titanium alloys. Mater Sci Eng A243:32–45
Thomas M, Hewitt J, Bache M, Thomas R, Garratt P, and Kosaka Y (2016) Determination and analysis of the cyclic and dwell fatigue performance of Timetal ® 575, in Proceedings of the 13th world conference on titanium, pp. 979–984
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
OpenAccess This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Davies, P., Johal, A., Davies, H. et al. Powder interlayer bonding of titanium alloys: Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo and Ti-6Al-4V. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 103, 441–452 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03445-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03445-3