Abstract
We review the properties and nature of luminous high-redshift radio galaxies (HzRGs, z > 2) and the environments in which they are located. HzRGs have several distinct constituents which interact with each other—relativistic plasma, gas in various forms, dust, stars and an active galactic nucleus (AGN). These building blocks provide unique diagnostics about conditions in the early Universe. We discuss the properties of each constituent. Evidence is presented that HzRGs are massive forming galaxies and the progenitors of brightest cluster galaxies in the local Universe. HzRGs are located in overdense regions in the early Universe and are frequently surrounded by protoclusters. We review the properties and nature of these radio-selected protoclusters. Finally we consider the potential for future progress in the field during the next few decades. A compendium of known HzRGs is given in an appendix.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Allen MG, Dopita MA, Tsvetanov ZI (1998) Ultraviolet Diagnostics for the Emission-Line Gas in Active Galaxies. Astrophys J 493: 571. doi:10.1086/305145, arXiv:astro-ph/9801040
Aller LH (ed) (1984) Physics of thermal gaseous nebulae. astrophysics and space science library, vol 112
Alloin D, Barvainis R, Guilloteau S (2000) New CO and millimetre continuum observations of the Z = 2.394 radio galaxy 53W002. Astrophys J Lett 528: L81–L84. doi:10.1086/312429, arXiv:astro-ph/9910196
Antonucci R (1993) Unified models for active galactic nuclei and quasars. ARA& A 31: 473–521. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.002353
Archibald EN, Dunlop JS, Hughes DH, Rawlings S, Eales SA, Ivison RJ (2001) A submillimetre survey of the star formation history of radio galaxies. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 323: 417–444
Armus L, Heckman TM, Miley GK (1990) The optical emission-line nebulae of powerful far-infrared galaxies. Astrophys J 364: 471–495. doi:10.1086/169431
Arnaboldi M, Neeser MJ, Parker LC, Rosati P, Lombardi M, Dietrich JP, Hummel W (2007) ESO Public Surveys with the VST and VISTA. The Messenger 127: 28
Athreya RM, Kapahi VK (1998) The redshift dependence of spectral index in powerful radio galaxies. J Astrophys Astro 19: 63–77
Athreya RM, Kapahi VK, McCarthy PJ, van Breugel W (1997) Steep- spectrum radio cores in high-redshift galaxies. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 289: 525–534
Athreya RM, Kapahi VK, McCarthy PJ, van Breugel W (1998) Large rotation measures in radio galaxies at Z > 2. Astron Astrophys 329: 809–820
Baade W, Minkowski R (1954) Identification of the radio sources in Cassiopeia, Cygnus a, and Puppis a. Astrophys J 119: 206
Baugh CM, Cole S, Frenk CS, Lacey CG (1998) The epoch of galaxy formation. Astrophys J 498: 504. doi:10.1086/305563, arXiv:astro-ph/9703111
Bavdaz M, Lumb D, Gondoin P, Lyngvi A, Rando N, Peacock T, van der Laan T, Wallace K, Mieremet A, Oemrawsingh S, Beijersbergen M, Collon M, Kraft S, Graue R, Kampf D, Freyberg M (2006) The XEUS X-ray telescope. In: Space Telescopes and instrumentation II: Ultraviolet to gamma ray. Edited by Turner, MJL, Hasinger G (eds) Proceedings of the SPIE. Presented at the Society of photo-optical Instrumentation engineers (SPIE) conference, vol. 62663, pp. 62661. doi:10.1117/12.670240
Begelman MC, Cioffi DF (1989) Overpressured cocoons in extragalactic radio sources. Astrophys J Lett 345: L21–L24. doi:10.1086/185542
Belsole E, Worrall DM, Hardcastle MJ, Birkinshaw M, Lawrence CR (2004) XMM-Newton observations of three high-redshift radio galaxies. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 352: 924–938. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07983.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0405116
Best PN (2007) Feedback from radio-loud AGN. New Astro Rev 51: 168–173. doi:10.1016/j.newar.2006.11.014
Best PN, Longair MS, Röttgering HJA (1998) HST, radio and infrared observations of 28 3CR radio galaxies at redshift z ~ 1. II—Old stellar populations in central cluster galaxies. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 295: 549, arXiv:astro-ph/9709195
Best PN, Röttgering HJA, Lehnert MD (1999) A 98 per cent spectroscopically complete sample of the most powerful equatorial radio sources at 408 MHz. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 310: 223–254, arXiv:astro-ph/9903471
Best PN, Röttgering HJA, Longair MS (2000) Ionisation, shocks and evolution of the emission-line gas of distant 3CR radio galaxies. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 311: 23–36, arXiv:astro-ph/9908211
Best PN, Lehnert MD, Miley GK, Röttgering HJA (2003a) Red galaxy overdensities and the varied cluster environments of powerful radio sources with z ~ 1.6. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 343: 1–21. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06667.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0304035
Best PN, Peacock JA, Brookes MH, Dowsett RE, Röttgering HJA, Dunlop JS, Lehnert MD (2003b) The final two redshifts for radio sources from the equatorial BRL sample. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 346:1021–1024. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2003.07156.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0309081
Best PN, Kauffmann G, Heckman TM, Brinchmann J, Charlot S, Ivezić Ž, White SDM (2005) The host galaxies of radio-loud active galactic nuclei: mass dependences, gas cooling and active galactic nuclei feedback. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 362:25–40. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09192.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0506269
Bicknell GV, Sutherland RS, van Breugel WJM, Dopita MA, Dey A, Miley GK (2000) Jet-induced Emission-Line Nebulosity and Star Formation in the High-Redshift Radio Galaxy 4C 41.17. Astrophys J 540:678–686. doi:10.1086/309343, arXiv:astro-ph/9909218
Binette L, Kurk JD, Villar-Martín M, Röttgering HJA (2000) A vestige low metallicity gas shell surrounding the radio galaxy 0943-242 at z = 2.92. Astron Astrophys 356: 23–32. astro-ph/0002210
Binette L, Wilman RJ, Villar-Martín M, Fosbury RAE, Jarvis MJ, Röttgering HJA (2006) Ionisation of large-scale absorbing haloes and feedback events from high-redshift radio galaxies. Astron Astrophys 459:31–42. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065079, astro-ph/0607289
Blandford RD (2001) Black holes and relativistic jets. Prog Theor Phys Suppl 143: 182–201, arXiv:astro-ph/0110394
Blumenthal G, Miley G (1979) Spectral index dependent properties of steep spectrum radio sources. Astron Astrophys 80: 13–21
Blundell KM, Rawlings S (1999) The inevitable youthfulness of known high-redshift radio galaxies. Nature 399: 330–332, astro-ph/9905333
Blundell KM, Rawlings S (2000) The Spectra and Energies of Classical Double Radio Lobes. Astron J 119:1111–1122. doi:10.1086/301254, arXiv:astro-ph/0001327
Blundell KM, Rawlings S, Eales SA, Taylor GB, Bradley AD (1998) A sample of 6C radio sources designed to find objects at redshift z > 4 - I. The radio data. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 295: 265–279, arXiv:astro-ph/9707336
Blundell KM, Fabian AC, Crawford CS, Erlund MC, Celotti A (2006) Discovery of the Low-Energy Cutoff in a Powerful Giant Radio Galaxy. Astrophys J Lett 644:L13–L16. doi:10.1086/504839, arXiv:astro-ph/0605391
Bornancini CG, De Breuck C, de Vries W, Croft S, van Breugel W, Röttgering H, Minniti D (2007) Imaging and spectroscopy of ultrasteep spectrum radio sources. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 378:551–562. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11769.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0703664
Briggs FH, Sorar E, Taramopoulos A (1993) Arecibo observation of B2 0902 + 343 in the 21 Centimeter Line at Redshift 3.4. Astrophys J Lett 415: L99. doi:10.1086/187042
Broderick JW, De Breuck C, Hunstead RW, Seymour N (2007) An extreme rotation measure in the high-redshift radio galaxy PKS B0529-549. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 375:1059–1069. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11375.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0612143
Brookes MH, Best PN, Rengelink R, Röttgering HJA (2006) CENSORS: a combined EIS-NVSS survey of radio sources—II. Infrared imaging and the K–z relation. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 366:1265–1288. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09916.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0603655
Brown RL, Wild W, Cunningham C (2004) ALMA-the Atacama large millimetre array. Advances in Space Research 34: 555–559. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2003.03.028
Bruzual AG (2007) On TP-AGB stars and the mass of galaxies. ArXiv Astrophysics e-prints astro-ph/0703052
Bryant J, Broderick J, Johnston H, Hunstead R, Gaensler B, De Breuck C (2007) A new search for distant radio galaxies in the southern hemisphere- II. K-band imaging and optical spectroscopy. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc
Buchalter A, Helfand DJ, Becker RH, White RL (1998) Constraining Omega 0 with the Angular Size–Redshift Relation of Double-lobed Quasars in the FIRST Survey. Astrophys J 494:503. doi:10.1086/305236, arXiv:astro-ph/9709174
Cai Z, Nan R, Schilizzi RT, Miley GK, Bremer MAR, van Dam B, Röttgering HJA, Liang H, Chambers KC, Gurvits LI, Zhang HY (2002) A 327 MHz VLBI study of high redshift radio galaxies 1345 + 245, 1809 + 407 and 2349 + 289. Astron Astrophys 381: 401–407. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011579
Carilli CL (2006) HI 21 cm probes of reionisation, and beyond. New Astro Review 50:162–172. doi:10.1016/j.newar.2005.11.031, arXiv:astro-ph/0509055
Carilli CL, Owen FN, Harris DE (1994) Radio continuum polarimetric imaging of high redshift radio galaxies. Astron J 107: 480–493. doi:10.1086/116870
Carilli CL, Röttgering HJA, van Ojik R, Miley GK, van Breugel WJM (1997) Radio Continuum Imaging of High-Redshift Radio Galaxies. Astrophys J Suppl 109:1. doi:10.1086/312973, arXiv:astro-ph/9610157
Carilli CL, Harris DE, Pentericci L, Rottergering HJA, Miley GK, Bremer MN (1998) An X-Ray Cluster at Redshift 2.156? Astrophys J Lett 494:L143. doi:10.1086/311199, arXiv:astro-ph/9802066
Carilli CL, Gnedin NY, Owen F (2002a) H I 21 Centimeter Absorption beyond the Epoch of Reionisation. Astrophys J 577:22–30. doi:10.1086/342179, arXiv:astro-ph/0205169
Carilli CL, Harris DE, Pentericci L, Röttgering HJA, Miley GK, Kurk JD, van Breugel W (2002b) The X-Ray-Radio Alignment in the z = 2.2 Radio Galaxy PKS 1138-262. Astrophys J 567:781–789. doi:10.1086/338669, arXiv:astro-ph/0111193
Chambers KC, Miley GK, van Breugel W (1987) Alignment of radio and optical orientations in high-redshift radio galaxies. Nature 329: 604–606. doi:10.1038/329604a0
Chambers KC, Miley GK, van Breugel WJM (1988) 4C 40.36 - A radio galaxy at a redshift of 2.3. Astrophys J Lett 327: L47–L50. doi:10.1086/185137
Chambers KC, Miley GK, van Breugel WJM (1990) 4C 41.17 - A radio galaxy at a redshift of 3.8. Astrophys J 363: 21–39. doi:10.1086/169316
Chambers KC, Miley GK, van Breugel WJM, Bremer MAR, Huang JS, Trentham NA (1996a) Ultra–Steep-Spectrum Radio Sources. II. Radio, Infrared, Optical, and HST Imaging of High-Redshift 4C Objects. Astrophys J Suppl 106: 247. doi:10.1086/192338
Chambers KC, Miley GK, van Breugel WJM, Huang JS (1996b) Ultra–Steep-Spectrum Radio Sources. I. 4C Objects. Astrophys J Suppl 106: 215. doi:10.1086/192337
Chandra P, Swarup G, Kulkarni VK, Kantharia NG (2004) Associated HI Absorption in the z = 3.4 Radio Galaxy B2 0902 + 343 Observed with the GMRT. J Astrophys Astro 25: 57, arXiv:astro-ph/0407380
Chapman SC, Lewis GF, Scott D, Richards E, Borys C, Steidel CC, Adelberger KL, Shapley AE (2001) Submillimetre imaging of a protocluster region at Z = 3.09. Astrophys J Lett 548:L17–L21. doi:10.1086/318919, arXiv:astro-ph/0010101
Chini R, Kruegel E (1994) Dust at high Z. Astron Astrophys 288: L33–L36
Cimatti A, di Serego-Alighieri S, Fosbury RAE, Salvati M, Taylor D (1993) Optical Polarisation in Distant Radio Galaxies. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 264: 421
Cimatti A, di Serego Alighieri S, Vernet J, Cohen M, Fosbury RAE (1998) The UV Radiation from Z approximately 2.5 Radio Galaxies: Keck Spectropolarimetry of 4C 23.56 and 4C 00.54. Astrophys J Lett 499:L21. doi:10.1086/311354, arXiv:astro-ph/9803311
Cody AM, Braun R (2003) Observations of the high-redshift galaxy B2 0902 + 343 at 92 cm. Astron Astrophys 400:871–875. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030082, arXiv:astro-ph/0301418
Cohen AS, Lane WM, Cotton WD, Kassim NE, Lazio TJW, Perley RA, Condon JJ, Erickson WC (2007) The VLA low-frequency sky survey. Astron J 134:1245–1262. doi:10.1086/520719, arXiv:0706.1191
Colbert JW, Teplitz H, Francis P, Palunas P, Williger GM, Woodgate B (2006) Ultraviolet-bright, high-redshift ultraluminous infrared galaxies. Astrophys J Lett 637:L89–L92. doi:10.1086/500647, arXiv:astro-ph/0512583
Condon JJ, Cotton WD, Greisen EW, Yin QF, Perley RA, Taylor GB, Broderick JJ (1998) The NRAO VLA sky survey. Astron J 115: 1693–1716. doi:10.1086/300337
Conti PS, Leitherer C, Vacca WD (1996) Hubble space telescope ultraviolet spectroscopy of NGC 1741: a nearby template for distant energetic starbursts. Astrophys J Lett 461:L87. doi:10.1086/310005, arXiv:astro-ph/9602084
Cowie LL, Songaila A, Hu EM, Cohen JG (1996) New insight on galaxy formation and evolution from Keck spectroscopy of the Hawaii deep fields. Astron J 112:839. doi:10.1086/118058, arXiv:astro-ph/9606079
Croft S, Kurk J, van Breugel W, Stanford SA, de Vries W, Pentericci L, Röttgering H (2005) The filamentary large-scale structure around the z = 2.16 radio galaxy PKS 1138-262. Astron J 130:867–872. doi:10.1086/431956, arXiv:astro-ph/0505354
Croft S, van Breugel W, de Vries W, Dopita M, Martin C, Morganti R, Neff S, Oosterloo T, Schiminovich D, Stanford SA, van Gorkom J (2006) Minkowski’s object: a starburst triggered by a radio jet, revisited. Astrophys J 647:1040–1055. doi:10.1086/505526, arXiv:astro-ph/0604557
Croton DJ, Springel V, White SDM, De Lucia G, Frenk CS, Gao L, Jenkins A, Kauffmann G, Navarro JF, Yoshida N (2006) The many lives of active galactic nuclei: cooling flows, black holes and the luminosities and colours of galaxies. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 365:11–28. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09675.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0508046
Cruz MJ, Jarvis MJ, Blundell KM, Rawlings S, Croft S, Klöckner HR, McLure RJ, Simpson C, Targett TA, Willott CJ (2006) The 6C** sample of steep-spectrum radio sources—I. Radio data, near-infrared imaging and optical spectroscopy. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 373:1531–1562. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11101.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0609790
Daly RA, Guerra EJ (2002) Quintessence, Cosmology, and Fanaroff-Riley Type IIb Radio Galaxies. Astron J 124:1831–1838. doi:10.1086/342741, arXiv:astro-ph/0209503
De Breuck C, Reuland M (2005) Star formation in high redshift radio galaxies. In: Bender R, Renzini A (eds) Multiwavelength mapping of galaxy formation and evolution, p 374. doi:10.1007/10995020_67
De Breuck C, van Breugel W, Minniti D, Miley G, Röttgering H, Stanford SA, Carilli C (1999) VLT spectroscopy of the z = 4.11 Radio Galaxy TN J1338-1942. Astron Astrophys 352:L51–L56. arXiv:astro-ph/9909178
De Breuck C, Röttgering H, Miley G, van Breugel W, Best P (2000a) A statistical study of emission lines from high redshift radio galaxies. Astron Astrophys 362: 519–543, arXiv:astro-ph/0008264
De Breuck C, van Breugel W, Röttgering HJA, Miley G (2000b) A sample of 669 ultra steep spectrum radio sources to find high redshift radio galaxies. Astron Astrophys Suppl 143: 303–333, arXiv:astro-ph/0002297
De Breuck C, van Breugel W, Röttgering H, Stern D, Miley G, de Vries W, Stanford SA, Kurk J, Overzier R (2001) Spectroscopy of ultra-steep-spectrum radio sources. Astron J 121:1241–1265. doi:10.1086/319392, arXiv:astro-ph/0012065
De Breuck C, van Breugel W, Stanford SA, Röttgering H, Miley G, Stern D (2002) Optical and near-infrared imaging of ultra-steep-spectrum radio sources: the K–z diagram of radio-selected and optically selected galaxies. Astron J 123:637–677. doi:10.1086/324632, arXiv:astro-ph/0109540
De Breuck C, Neri R, Morganti R, Omont A, Rocca-Volmerange B, Stern D, Reuland M, van Breugel W, Röttgering H, Stanford SA, Spinrad H, Vigotti M, Wright M (2003a) CO emission and associated H I absorption from a massive gas reservoir surrounding the z = 3 radio galaxy B3 J2330 + 3927. Astron Astrophys 401:911–925. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030171, arXiv:astro-ph/0302154
De Breuck C, Neri R, Omont A (2003b) CO emission from /z>3 radio galaxies. New Astro Rev 47: 285–289, arXiv:astro-ph/0302196
De Breuck C, Bertoldi F, Carilli C, Omont A, Venemans B, Röttgering H, Overzier R, Reuland M, Miley G, Ivison R, van Breugel W (2004a) A multi-wavelength study of the proto-cluster surrounding the z = 4.1 radio galaxy TN J1338-1942. Astron Astrophys 424:1–12. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035885, arXiv:astro-ph/0405339
De Breuck C, Hunstead RW, Sadler EM, Rocca-Volmerange B, Klamer I (2004b) A search for distant radio galaxies from SUMSS and NVSS - I. Sample definition, radio and K-band imaging. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 347:837–853. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07270.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0309814
De Breuck C, Downes D, Neri R, van Breugel W, Reuland M, Omont A, Ivison R (2005) Detection of two massive CO systems in 4C 41.17 at z = 3.8. Astron Astrophys 430:L1–L4. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400115, arXiv:astro-ph/0411732
De Breuck C, Klamer I, Johnston H, Hunstead RW, Bryant J, Rocca-Volmerange B, Sadler EM (2006) A search for distant radio galaxies from SUMSS and NVSS—II. Optical spectroscopy. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 366:58–72. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09799.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0511169
De Bruyn AG (1996) H I at High Redshift. In: Bremer MN, Malcolm N (eds) Cold Gas at High Redshift, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 206, pp 171
De Lucia G, Blaizot J (2007) The hierarchical formation of the brightest cluster galaxies. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 375:2–14. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11287.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0606519
de Vries WH, Becker RH, White RL (2006) Long-Term Optical Quasar Variability. In: Gaskell CM, McHardy IM, Peterson BM, Sergeev SG (eds) Astronomical Society of the Pacific conference series, vol 360, p 29
De Young DS (1989) Star formation in radio galaxies at large redshift. Astrophys J Lett 342: L59–L62. doi:10.1086/185484
Dey A, van Breugel W, Vacca WD, Antonucci R (1997) Triggered star formation in a massive galaxy at Z = 3.8: 4C 41.17. Astrophys J 490: 698. doi:10.1086/304911,astro-ph/9707166
Dey A, Bian C, Soifer BT, Brand K, Brown MJI, Chaffee FH, Le Floc’h E, Hill G, Houck JR, Jannuzi BT, Rieke M, Weedman D, Brodwin M, Eisenhardt P (2005) Discovery of a large ~ 200 kpc gaseous nebula at z ~ 2.7 with the Spitzer space telescope. Astrophys J 629:654–666. doi:10.1086/430775, arXiv:astro-ph/0503632
Di Matteo T, Springel V, Hernquist L (2005) Energy input from quasars regulates the growth and activity of black holes and their host galaxies. Nature 433:604–607. doi:10.1038/nature03335, arXiv:astro-ph/0502199
di Serego Alighieri S (1997) Polarimetry with large telescopes. Rodriguez Espinosa JM, Herrero A, Sánchez F (eds) instrumentation for large telescopes, pp. 340. ISBN 0521582911. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 287–329
di Serego Alighieri S, Fosbury RAE, Tadhunter CN, Quinn PJ (1989) Polarised light in high-redshift radio galaxies. Nature 341: 307–309. doi:10.1038/341307a0
Dickson R, Tadhunter C, Shaw M, Clark N, Morganti R (1995) The nebular contribution to the extended UV continua of powerful radio galaxies. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 273: L29–L33
Dijkstra M, Haiman Z, Spaans M (2006a) Lyα radiation from collapsing protogalaxies. I. Characteristics of the emergent spectrum. Astrophys J 649:14–36. doi:10.1086/506243, arXiv:astro-ph/0510407
Dijkstra M, Haiman Z, Spaans M (2006b) Lyα radiation from collapsing protogalaxies. II. Observational evidence for gas infall. Astrophys J 649:37–47. doi:10.1086/506244, arXiv:astro-ph/0510409
Dopita MA, Sutherland RS (2003) Astrophysics of the diffuse universe. Astro and astrophysics library, Springer, Berlin ISBN 3540433627
Douglas JN, Bash FN, Bozyan FA, Torrence GW, Wolfe C (1996) The Texas survey of radio sources covering −35.5 degrees < declination < 71.5 degrees at 365 MHz. Astron J 111: 1945. doi:10.1086/117932
Downes D, Solomon PM, Radford SJE (1993) Molecular gas mass and far-infrared emission from distant luminous galaxies. Astrophys J Lett 414: L13–L16. doi:10.1086/186984
Dubinski J (1998) The Origin of the Brightest Cluster Galaxies. Astrophys J 502:141. doi:10.1086/305901, arXiv:astro-ph/9709102
Dunlop JS, Peacock JA (1990) The Redshift Cut-Off in the Luminosity Function of Radio Galaxies and Quasars. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 247: 19
Dunlop JS, Peacock JA, Savage A, Lilly SJ, Heasley JN, Simon AJB (1989) The parkes selected regions—deep optical and infrared observations of radio galaxies and quasars at high redshifts. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 238: 1171–1231
Dunlop JS, Hughes DH, Rawlings S, Eales SA, Ward MJ (1994) Detection of a large mass of dust in a radio galaxy at redshift Z = 38. Nature 370: 347. doi:10.1038/370347a0
Eales S, Rawlings S, Puxley P, Rocca-Volmerange B, Kuntz K (1993) Evidence that the Z = 3.4 radio galaxy B2 0902 + 34 may be a protogalaxy. Nature 363: 140–142. doi:10.1038/363140a0
Eales S, Rawlings S, Law-Green D, Cotter G, Lacy M (1997) A first sample of faint radio sources with virtually complete redshifts. I—Infrared images, the Hubble diagram and the alignment effect. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 291: 593, arXiv:astro-ph/9701023
Eales SA, Rawlings S (1993) Infrared spectroscopy of 11 radio galaxies at Z equals 2-4—Evidence that some high-redshift radio galaxies may be protogalaxies. Astrophys J 411: 67–88. doi:10.1086/172808
Eales SA, Rawlings S (1996) A panoramic view of radio galaxy evolution from a redshift of 0 to a redshift of 4.3. Astrophys J 460: 68. doi:10.1086/176953
Eke VR, Cole S, Frenk CS (1996) Cluster evolution as a diagnostic for Omega. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 282: 263–280, arXiv:astro-ph/9601088
Elmegreen DM, Elmegreen BG, Rubin DS, Schaffer MA (2005) Galaxy morphologies in the hubble ultra deep field: dominance of linear structures at the detection limit. Astrophys J 631:85–100. doi:10.1086/432502, arXiv:astro-ph/0508216
Erlund MC, Fabian AC, Blundell KM, Celotti A, Crawford CS (2006) Extended inverse-compton emission from distant, powerful radio galaxies. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 371:29–37. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10660.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0606238
Evans AS, Sanders DB, Mazzarella JM, Solomon PM, Downes D, Kramer C, Radford SJE (1996) A search for CO emission in high-redshift powerful radio galaxies. Astrophys J 457: 658. doi:10.1086/176761
Fabian AC (1994) Cooling Flows in Clusters of Galaxies. ARA& A 32: 277–318. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.32.090194.001425
Fabian AC, Celotti A, Johnstone RM (2003a) Chandra reveals X-rays along the radio axis in the quasar 3C 9 at z = 2.012. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 338:L7–L11. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06111.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0204488
Fabian AC, Sanders JS, Crawford CS, Ettori S (2003b) A deep Chandra observation of the cluster environment of the z = 1.786 radio galaxy 3C 294. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 341:729–738. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06394.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0301468
Fall SM, Rees MJ (1977) Survival and disruption of galactic substructure. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 181: 37P–42P
Fan X, Narayanan VK, Lupton RH, Strauss MA, Knapp GR, Becker RH, White RL, Pentericci L, Leggett SK, Haiman Z, Gunn JE, Ivezić Ž, Schneider DP, Anderson SF, Brinkmann J, Bahcall NA, Connolly AJ, Csabai I, Doi M, Fukugita M, Geballe T, Grebel EK, Harbeck D, Hennessy G, Lamb DQ, Miknaitis G, Munn JA, Nichol R, Okamura S, Pier JR, Prada F, Richards GT, Szalay A, York DG (2001) A survey of z>5.8 quasars in the sloan digital sky survey. I. Discovery of three new quasars and the spatial density of luminous quasars at z~6. Astron J 122:2833–2849. doi:10.1086/324111, arXiv:astro-ph/0108063
Fan X, Carilli CL, Keating B (2006) Observational constraints on cosmic reionisation. ARA& A 44: 415–462, arXiv:astro-ph/0602375
Fanaroff BL, Riley JM (1974) The morphology of extragalactic radio sources of high and low luminosity. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 167: 31P–36P
Fanti C, Pozzi F, Dallacasa D, Fanti R, Gregorini L, Stanghellini C, Vigotti M (2001) Multi-frequency VLA observations of a new sample of CSS/GPS radio sources. Astron & Astrophys 369: 380–420. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010051
Felten JE, Morrison P (1966) Omnidirectional inverse compton and synchrotron radiation from cosmic distributions of fast electrons and thermal photons. Astrophys J 146: 686
Felten JE, Rees MJ (1969) Cosmological implications of the diffuse X-ray background. Nature 221: 924
Fomalont EB, Miley GK (1975) Structure of the compact radio component in 3C236. Nature 257: 99–103
Francis PJ, Williger GM, Collins NR, Palunas P, Malumuth EM, Woodgate BE, Teplitz HI, Smette A, Sutherland RS, Danks AC, Hill RS, Lindler D, Kimble RA, Heap SR, Hutchings JB (2001) A pair of compact red galaxies at redshift 2.38, immersed in a 100 kiloparsec scale Lyα nebula. Astrophys J 554:1001–1011. doi:10.1086/321417, arXiv:astro-ph/0102263
Fu H, Stockton A (2007) A common origin for quasar extended emission-line regions and their broad-line regions. Astrophys J Lett 664:L75–L78. doi:10.1086/520959, arXiv:0706.2941
Furlanetto SR, Loeb A (2002) The 21 centimeter forest: radio absorption spectra as probes of minihalos before reionisation. Astrophys J 579:1–9. doi:10.1086/342757, arXiv:astro-ph/0206308
Fynbo JU, Møller P, Warren SJ (1999) Extended LY alpha emission from a damped LY alpha absorber at z = 1.93, and the relation between damped LY alpha absorbers and Lyman-break galaxies. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 305: 849–858, arXiv:astro-ph/9812434
Gao L, Loeb A, Peebles PJE, White SDM, Jenkins A (2004) Early formation and late merging of the giant galaxies. Astrophys J 614:17–25. doi:10.1086/423444, arXiv:astro-ph/0312499
Gardner JP, Mather JC, Clampin M, Doyon R, Greenhouse MA, Hammel HB, Hutchings JB, Jakobsen P, Lilly SJ, Long KS, Lunine JI, McCaughrean MJ, Mountain M, Nella J, Rieke GH, Rieke MJ, Rix HW, Smith EP, Sonneborn G, Stiavelli M, Stockman HS, Windhorst RA, Wright GS (2006) The James Webb space telescope. Space Sci Rev 123:485–606. doi:10.1007/s11214-006-8315-7, arXiv:astro-ph/0606175
Ge J, Owen FN (1994) Faraday rotation in cooling flow clusters of galaxies. 2: Survey. Astron J 108: 1523–1533. doi:10.1086/117173
Geach JE, Matsuda Y, Smail I, Chapman SC, Yamada T, Ivison RJ, Hayashino T, Ohta K, Shioya Y, Taniguchi Y (2005) A submillimetre survey of Lyman α haloes in the SA22 protocluster at z = 3.1. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 363:1398–1408. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09538.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0508357
Giraud E, Giraud E, Melnick J, della Valle M (1995) A giant Lyα cloud associated with a dust-lane radio galaxy. at z = 2.468. Astron & Astrophys 303: 705
Wiita PJ, Wiita PJ, Barai P (2004) Low-level radio emission from radio galaxies and implications for the large scale structure. J Kor Astron Soc 37: 517–525
Graham JA (1998) Shocked gas and star formation in the Centaurus A radio galaxy. Astrophys J 502: 245. doi:10.1086/305888
Greve TR, Ivison RJ, Papadopoulos PP (2004) Detection of CO J = 1–0 in the z = 3.79 radio galaxy 4C 60.07. Astron & Astrophys 419:99–107. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035788, arXiv:astro-ph/0402464
Greve TR, Stern D, Ivison RJ, De Breuck C, Kovács A, Bertoldi F (2007) Wide-field mid-infrared and millimetre imaging of the high-redshift radio galaxy, 4C41.17. ArXiv e-prints 707, 0707.4482
Griffith MR, Wright AE (1993) The Parkes-MIT-NRAO (PMN) surveys. I—The 4850(MHz surveys and data reduction. Astron J 105): 1666–1679. doi:10.1086/116545
Groves BA, Dopita MA, Sutherland RS (2004a) Dusty, radiation pressure-dominated photoionisation. I. Model description, structure, and grids. Astrophys J Suppl 153:9–73. doi:10.1086/421113, arXiv:astro-ph/0404175
Groves BA, Dopita MA, Sutherland RS (2004b) Dusty, radiation pressure-dominated photoionisation. II. Multiwavelength emission line diagnostics for narrow-line regions. Astrophys J Suppl 153:75–91. doi:10.1086/421114, arXiv:astro-ph/0404176
Gurvits LI, Schilizzi RT, Miley GK, Peck A, Bremer MN, Röttgering H, van Breugel W (1997) A compact radio component in 4C 41.17 at z = 3.8: a massive clump in a forming galaxy. Astron & Astrophys 318: 11–14
Gurvits LI, Kellermann KI, Frey S (1999) The angular size - redshift relation for compact radio structures in quasars and radio galaxies. Astron & Astrophys 342: 378–388, arXiv:astro-ph/9812018
Haiman Z, Rees MJ (2001) Extended Lyα Emission around young quasars: a constraint on galaxy formation. Astrophys J 556:87–92. doi:10.1086/321567, arXiv:astro-ph/0101174
Haiman Z, Spaans M, Quataert E (2000) Lyα cooling radiation from high-redshift halos. Astrophys J Lett 537:L5–L8. doi:10.1086/312754, arXiv:astro-ph/0003366
Hall PB, Green RF, Cohen M (1998) An optical near-infrared study of radio-loud quasar environments. I. Methods and Z = 1 – 2 observations. Astrophys J Suppl 119:1–23. doi:10.1086/313149, arXiv:astro-ph/9806145
Häring N, Rix HW (2004) On the black hole mass-bulge mass relation. Astrophys J Lett 604:L89–L92. doi:10.1086/383567, arXiv:astro-ph/0402376
Hatch NA, Overzier RA, Röttgering HJA, Kurk JD, Miley GK (2007) Diffuse UV light associated with the Spiderweb Galaxy: evidence for in-situ star formation outside galaxies. ArXiv e-prints 710, 0710.4553
Hayashino T, Matsuda Y, Tamura H, Yamauchi R, Yamada T, Ajiki M, Fujita SS, Murayama T, Nagao T, Ohta K, Okamura S, Ouchi M, Shimasaku K, Shioya Y, Taniguchi Y (2004) Large-scale structure of emission-line galaxies at z = 3.1. Astron J 128: 2073–2079. doi:10.1086/424935
Heavens A, Panter B, Jimenez R, Dunlop J (2004) The star-formation history of the Universe from the stellar populations of nearby galaxies. Nature 428:625–627. doi:10.1038/nature02474, arXiv:astro-ph/0403293
Heckman TM, Miley GK, Balick B, van Breugel WJM, Butcher HR (1982) An optical and radio investigation of the radio galaxy 3C 305. Astrophys J 262: 529–553. doi:10.1086/160445
Heckman TM, van Breugel WJM, Miley GK (1984) Emission-line gas associated with the radio lobes of the high-luminosity radio source 3C 171. Astrophys J 286: 509–516. doi:10.1086/162626
Hill GJ, Lilly SJ (1991) A change in the cluster environments of radio galaxies with cosmic epoch. Astrophys J 367: 1–18. doi:10.1086/169597
Hodapp KW, Kaiser N, Aussel H, Burgett W, Chambers KC, Chun M, Dombeck T, Douglas A, Hafner D, Heasley J, Hoblitt J, Hude C, Isani S, Jedicke R, Jewitt D, Laux U, Luppino GA, Lupton R, Maberry M, Magnier E, Mannery E, Monet D, Morgan J, Onaka P, Price P, Ryan A, Siegmund W, Szapudi I, Tonry J, Wainscoat R, Waterson M (2004) Design of the Pan-STARRS telescopes. Astronomische Nachrichten 325: 636–642. doi:10.1002/ansa.200410300
Hopkins PF, Hernquist L, Cox TJ, Di Matteo T, Robertson B, Springel V (2006) A unified, merger-driven model of the origin of starbursts, quasars, the cosmic X-ray background, supermassive black holes, and galaxy spheroids. Astrophys J Suppl 163:1–49. doi:10.1086/499298, arXiv:astro-ph/0506398
Humphrey A, Villar-Martín M, Fosbury R, Vernet J, di Serego Alighieri S (2006) Jet-gas interactions in z ~ 2.5 radio galaxies: evolution of the ultraviolet line and continuum emission with radio morphology. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 369:1103–1114. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10224.x, astro-ph/0602504
Humphrey A, Villar-Martín M, Fosbury R, Binette L, Vernet J, De Breuck C, di Serego Alighieri S (2007) Giant Lyα nebulae around z > 2 radio galaxies: evidence for infall. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 375:705–714. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11344.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0611778
Intema HT, Venemans BP, Kurk JD, Ouchi M, Kodama T, Röttgering HJA, Miley GK, Overzier RA (2006) Large-scale structure of Lyman break galaxies around a radio galaxy protocluster at z ~ 4. Astron & Astrophys 456:433–437. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20064812, arXiv:astro-ph/0606298
Ivison RJ (1995) Detection of dust in the most distant known radio galaxy. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 275: L33–L36, arXiv:astro-ph/9506039
Ivison RJ, Papadopoulos P, Seaquist ER, Eales SA (1996) A search for molecular gas in a high-redshift radio galaxy. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 278: 669–672
Ivison RJ, Dunlop JS, Smail I, Dey A, Liu MC, Graham JR (2000) An excess of submillimetre sources near 4C 41.17: a candidate protocluster at Z = 3.8? Astrophys J 542:27–34. doi:10.1086/309536, arXiv:astro-ph/0005234
Jaffe W, Bremer MN (1997) Molecular hydrogen emission in cooling flows. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 284: L1–L5
Jaffe W, Bremer MN, Baker K (2005) HII and H2 in the envelopes of cooling flow central galaxies. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 360:748–762. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09073.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0504413
Jarvis M, Röttgering HJA (eds) (2003) High-redshift radio galaxies - past, present and future, vol 47
Jarvis MJ, Rawlings S, Eales S, Blundell KM, Bunker AJ, Croft S, McLure RJ, Willott CJ (2001a) A sample of 6C radio sources designed to find objects at redshift z>4 - III. Imaging and the radio galaxy K-z relation. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 326:1585–1600. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04730.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0106130
Jarvis MJ, Rawlings S, Lacy M, Blundell KM, Bunker AJ, Eales S, Saunders R, Spinrad H, Stern D, Willott CJ (2001b) A sample of 6C radio sources designed to find objects at redshift z > 4 - II. Spectrophotometry and emission-line properties. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 326:1563–1584. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04726.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0106127
Jarvis MJ, Rawlings S, Willott CJ, Blundell KM, Eales S, Lacy M (2001c) On the redshift cut-off for steep-spectrum radio sources. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 327:907–917. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04778.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0106473
Jarvis MJ, Wilman RJ, Röttgering HJA, Binette L (2003) Probing the absorbing haloes around two high-redshift radio galaxies with VLT-UVES*. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 338:263–272. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06053.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0209159
Jarvis MJ, Cruz MJ, Cohen AS, Röttgering HJA, Kassim NE (2004) Near-infrared K-band imaging of a sample of ultra-steep-spectrum radio sources selected at 74 MHz. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 355:20–30. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08278.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0408082
Johnson O, Almaini O, Best PN, Dunlop J (2007) 0.5 Mpc-scale extended X-ray emission in the z = 2.48 radio galaxy 4C 23.56. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 376:151–156. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11358.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0608656
Junor W, Biretta JA, Livio M (1999) Formation of the radio jet in M87 at 100 Schwarzschild radii from the central black hole. Nature 401: 891–892
Kajisawa M, Kodama T, Tanaka I, Yamada T, Bower R (2006) Protoclusters with evolved populations around radio galaxies at z ~ 2.5. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 371:577–582. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10704.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0606407
Kashikawa N, Kitayama T, Doi M, Misawa T, Komiyama Y, Ota K (2007) The habitat segregation between lyman break galaxies and Lyα emitters around a QSO at z ~ 5. Astrophys J 663:765–773. doi:10.1086/518410, arXiv:0704.2238
Kassim NE, Clarke TE, Cohen AS, Crane PC, Gaussiran T, Gross C, Henning PA, Hicks BC, Junor W, Lane WM, Lazio TJW, Paravastu N, Pihlstrom YM, Polisensky EJ, Ray PS, Stewart KP, Taylor GB, Weiler KW (2006) Exploring the last electromagnetic frontier with the long wavelength array (LWA). In: Long Wavelength Astrophysics, 26th meeting of the IAU, Joint Discussion 12, 21 August 2006, Prague, Czech Republic, JD12, #56 12
Kauffmann G, White SDM, Guiderdoni B (1993) The Formation and Evolution of Galaxies Within Merging Dark Matter Haloes. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 264: 201
Kaufmann T, Mayer L, Wadsley J, Stadel J, Moore B (2006) Cooling flows within galactic haloes: the kinematics and properties of infalling multiphase gas. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 370:1612–1622. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10599.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0507296
Keel WC, Cohen SH, Windhorst RA, Waddington I (1999) Evidence for large-scale structure at z ~ 2.4 from Lyα imaging. Astron J 118:2547–2560. doi:10.1086/301139, arXiv:astro-ph/9908183
Kellermann KI (2003) Variability, brightness temperature, superluminal motion, doppler boosting, and related issues. In: Zensus JA, Cohen MH, Ros E (eds) Radio astronomy at the fringe, Astronomical Society of the Pacific conference series, vol 300, p 185
Klamer IJ, Ekers RD, Sadler EM, Hunstead RW (2004) Molecular gas at high redshift: jet-induced star formation? Astrophys J Lett 612:L97–L100. doi:10.1086/424843, arXiv:astro-ph/0408015
Klamer IJ, Ekers RD, Sadler EM, Weiss A, Hunstead RW, De Breuck C (2005) CO (1-0) and CO (5-4) observations of the most distant known radio galaxy at z = 5.2. Astrophys J Lett 621:L1–L4. doi:10.1086/429147, arXiv:astro-ph/0501447
Klamer IJ, Ekers RD, Bryant JJ, Hunstead RW, Sadler EM, De Breuck C (2006) A search for distant radio galaxies from SUMSS and NVSS - III. Radio spectral energy distributions and the z-α correlation. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 371:852–866. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10714.x, astro-ph/0606469
Knopp GP, Chambers KC (1997) Dust at high redshift: infrared and optical polarimetry of an ultra–steep-spectrum radio source at Z = 2.572. Astrophys J 487: 644. doi:10.1086/304656
Kodama T, Bower R (2003) The K s -band luminosity and stellar mass functions of galaxies in z = 1 clusters. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 346:1–12. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2966.2003.07093.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0308130
Kodama T, Tanaka I, Kajisawa M, Kurk J, Venemans B, De Breuck C, Vernet J, Lidman C (2007) The first appearance of the red sequence of galaxies in proto-clusters at 2 < z < 3. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 377:1717–1725. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11739.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0703382
Kopylov AI, Goss WM, Pariĭskiĭ YN, Soboleva NS, Verkhodanov OV, Temirova AV, Zhelenkova OP (2006) RC J0311 + 0507: A candidate for superpowerful radio galaxies in the early universe at redshift z = 4.514. Astro Letters 32:433–438. doi:10.1134/S1063773706070012, arXiv:0705.2971
Kormendy J, Gebhardt K (2001) Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei (Plenary Talk). In: Wheeler JC, Martel H (eds) 20th Texas Symposium on relativistic astrophysics, American Institute of physics conference series, vol 586, p 363
Krause M (2005) Galactic wind shells and high redshift radio galaxies. On the nature of associated absorbers. Astron & Astrophys 436:845–851. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042450, arXiv:astro-ph/0503322
Kurk JD, Röttgering HJA, Pentericci L, Miley GK, van Breugel W, Carilli CL, Ford H, Heckman T, McCarthy P, Moorwood A (2000) A Search for clusters at high redshift. I. Candidate Ly alpha emitters near 1138-262 at z = 2.2. Astron & Astrophys 358: L1–L4, astro-ph/0005058
Kurk JD, Pentericci L, Overzier RA, Röttgering HJA, Miley GK (2004a) A search for clusters at high redshift. IV. Spectroscopy of Hα emitters in a proto-cluster at z = 2.16. Astron & Astrophys 428:817–821. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041819, astro-ph/0410203
Kurk JD, Pentericci L, Röttgering HJA, Miley GK (2004b) A search for clusters at high redshift. III. Candidate Hα emitters and EROs in the PKS 1138-262 proto-cluster at z = 2.16. Astron & Astrophys 428:793–815. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040075, astro-ph/0410202
Lacy M, Miley G, Rawlings S, Saunders R, Dickinson M, Garrington S, Maddox S, Pooley G, Steidel C, Bremer MN, Cotter G, van Ojik R, Rottgering H, Warner P (1994) 8C 1435 + 635: a radio galaxy at z = 4.25. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 271: 504–512
Lacy M, Rawlings S, Hill GJ, Bunker AJ, Ridgway SE, Stern D (1999) Optical spectroscopy of two overlapping, flux-density-limited samples of radio sources in the North Ecliptic Cap, selected at 38 and 151MHz. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 308: 1096–1116, arXiv:astro-ph/9905358
Large MI, Mills BY, Little AG, Crawford DF, Sutton JM (1981) The Molonglo Reference Catalogue of Radio Sources. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 194: 693
Larson R (1992) Galaxy formation and evolution. In: Tenorio-Tagle G, Prieto M, Sanchez F (eds) Star formation in stellar systems, p 125
Le Fevre O, Deltorn JM, Crampton D, Dickinson M (1996) Clustering around the radio galaxy MRC 0316-257 at Z = 3.14. Astrophys J Lett 471:L11. doi:10.1086/310319, arXiv:astro-ph/9609020
Leckrone DS, Cheng ES, Feinberg LD, Trauger JT, Macchetto FD, MacKenty JW (1998) Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) - A Facility Instrument For The Hubble Space Telescope. In: Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, vol 30, p 861
Li Y, Hernquist L, Robertson B, Cox TJ, Hopkins PF, Springel V, Gao L, Di Matteo T, Zentner AR, Jenkins A, Yoshida N (2007) Formation of z ~ 6 quasars from hierarchical galaxy mergers. Astrophys J 665:187–208. doi:10.1086/519297, arXiv:astro-ph/0608190
Lilly SJ (1988) Discovery of a radio galaxy at a redshift of 3.395. Astrophys J 333: 161–167. doi:10.1086/166732
Lilly SJ (1989) Faint identifications of 1 Jansky radio source empty fields - Radio galaxies at high redshift. Astrophys J 340: 77–89. doi:10.1086/167377
Lilly SJ, Longair MS (1984) Stellar populations in distant radio galaxies. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 211: 833–855
Lilly SJ, Le Fevre O, Hammer F, Crampton D (1996) The Canada–France redshift survey: the luminosity density and star formation history of the universe to Z approximately 1. Astrophys J Lett 460:L1. doi:10.1086/309975, arXiv:astro-ph/9601050
Lynden-Bell D (1969) Galactic nuclei as collapsed old quasars. Nature 223: 690
Madau P, Pozzetti L, Dickinson M (1998) The star formation history of field galaxies. Astrophys J 498:106. doi:10.1086/305523, arXiv:astro-ph/9708220
Magorrian J, Tremaine S, Richstone D, Bender R, Bower G, Dressler A, Faber SM, Gebhardt K, Green R, Grillmair C, Kormendy J, Lauer T (1998) The demography of massive dark objects in galaxy centers. Astron J 115:2285–2305. doi:10.1086/300353, arXiv:astro-ph/9708072
Manzini A, di Serego Alighieri S (1996) Dust scattering in radio galaxies. Astron Astrophys 311: 79–94
Matsuda Y, Yamada T, Hayashino T, Tamura H, Yamauchi R, Ajiki M, Fujita SS, Murayama T, Nagao T, Ohta K, Okamura S, Ouchi M, Shimasaku K, Shioya Y, Taniguchi Y (2004) A Subaru search for Lyα blobs in and around the protocluster region at redshift z = 3.1. Astron J 128:569–584. doi:10.1086/422020, arXiv:astro-ph/0405221
Matsuda Y, Yamada T, Hayashino T, Tamura H, Yamauchi R, Murayama T, Nagao T, Ohta K, Okamura S, Ouchi M, Shimasaku K, Shioya Y, Taniguchi Y (2005) Large-scale filamentary structure around the protocluster at redshift z = 3.1. Astrophys J Lett 634:L125–L128. doi:10.1086/499071, arXiv:astro-ph/0510762
Mauch T, Murphy T, Buttery HJ, Curran J, Hunstead RW, Piestrzynski B, Robertson JG, Sadler EM (2003) SUMSS: a wide-field radio imaging survey of the southern sky—II. The source catalogue. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 342:1117–1130. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06605.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0303188
McCarthy PJ (1991) High redshift radio galaxies from the Third Bologna Catalogue. Astron J 102: 518–521. doi:10.1086/115890
McCarthy PJ (1993) High redshift radio galaxies. ARA& A 31: 639–688. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.003231
McCarthy PJ, van Breugel W, Spinrad H, Djorgovski S (1987) A correlation between the radio and optical morphologies of distant 3Cr radio galaxies. Astrophys J Lett 321: L29–L33. doi:10.1086/185000
McCarthy PJ, Kapahi VK, van Breugel W, Subrahmanya CR (1990) High-redshift radio galaxies from the Molonglo Catalogue. Astron J 100: 1014–1027. doi:10.1086/115575
McCarthy PJ, van Breugel W, Kapahi VK, Subrahmanya CR (1991) High redshift radio galaxies from the Molonglo Catalogue. II. Astron J 102: 522–536. doi:10.1086/115891
McCarthy PJ, Kapahi VK, van Breugel W, Persson SE, Athreya R, Subrahmanya CR (1996) The Molonglo Reference Catalog/1 Jansky Radio Source Survey. I. Radio galaxy identifications. Astrophys J Suppl 107: 19. doi:10.1086/192353
McLure RJ, Jarvis MJ (2002) Measuring the black hole masses of high-redshift quasars. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 337:109–116. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05871.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0204473
McNamara BR, Wise M, Nulsen PEJ, David LP, Sarazin CL, Bautz M, Markevitch M, Vikhlinin A, Forman WR, Jones C, Harris DE (2000) Chandra X-ray observations of the hydra A cluster: an interaction between the radio source and the X-ray-emitting gas. Astrophys J Lett 534:L135–L138. doi:10.1086/312662, arXiv:astro-ph/0001402
Menci N (2004) Co-evolution of Galaxies and AGNs in Hierarchical Galaxy Formation Models. APSS 294: 15–22. doi:10.1007/s10509-004-4013-7
Miley G (1980) The structure of extended extragalactic radio sources. ARA& A 18: 165–218. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.001121
Miley GK (1968) Variation of the angular sizes of quasars with red-shift. Nature 218: 933
Miley GK, Overzier RA, Tsvetanov ZI, Bouwens RJ, Benítez N, Blakeslee JP, Ford HC, Illingworth GD, Postman M, Rosati P, Clampin M, Hartig GF, Zirm AW, Röttgering HJA, Venemans BP, Ardila DR, Bartko F, Broadhurst TJ, Brown RA, Burrows CJ, Cheng ES, Cross NJG, De Breuck C, Feldman PD, Franx M, Golimowski DA, Gronwall C, Infante L, Martel AR, Menanteau F, Meurer GR, Sirianni M, Kimble RA, Krist JE, Sparks WB, Tran HD, White RL, Zheng W (2004) A large population of Lyman-break galaxies in a protocluster at redshift z ~ 4.1. Nature 427: 47–50, astro-ph/0401034
Miley GK, Overzier RA, Zirm AW, Ford HC, Kurk J, Pentericci L, Blakeslee JP, Franx M, Illingworth GD, Postman M, Rosati P, Röttgering HJA, Venemans BP, Helder E (2006) The Spiderweb Galaxy: a forming massive cluster galaxy at z ~ 2. Astrophys J Lett 650:L29–L32. doi:10.1086/508534, arXiv:astro-ph/0610909
Minkowski R (1960) A New Distant Cluster of Galaxies. Astrophys J 132: 908–910. doi:10.1086/146994
Miyoshi M, Moran J, Herrnstein J, Greenhill L, Nakai N, Diamond P, Inoue M (1995) Evidence for a Black-Hole from High Rotation Velocities in a Sub-Parsec Region of NGC4258. Nature 373: 127. doi:10.1038/373127a0
Möller P, Fynbo JU (2001) Detection of a redshift 3.04 filament. Astron & Astrophys 372:L57–L60. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010606, arXiv:astro-ph/0105114
Monaco P, Møller P, Fynbo JPU, Weidinger M, Ledoux C, Theuns T (2005) Tracing large-scale structure at high redshift with Lyman-α emitters: the effect of peculiar velocities. Astron & Astrophys 440:799–808. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042570, arXiv:astro-ph/0505477
Morganti R (2006) Neutral hydrogen in radio galaxies: Results from nearby, importance for far away. Astron Nachrich 327:127–134. doi:10.1002/ansa.200510492, arXiv:astro-ph/0510261
Nakata F, Kajisawa M, Yamada T, Kodama T, Shimasaku K, Tanaka I, Doi M, Furusawa H, Hamabe M, Iye M, Kimura M, Komiyama Y, Miyazaki S, Okamura S, Ouchi M, Sasaki T, Sekigushi M, Yagi M, Yasuda N (2002) Galaxy Population in the Cluster of Galaxies around the Radio Galaxy 3C324 at z = 1.2. In: Borgani S, Mezzetti M, Valdarnini R (eds) Tracing Cosmic Evolution with Galaxy Clusters, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, vol 268, pp 421
Napier PJ (2006) The EVLA Project: Ten Times More Capability for the VLA. In: Backer DC, Moran JM, Turner JL (eds) Revealing the Molecular Universe: One Antenna is Never Enough, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, vol 356, pp 65
Neeser MJ, Eales SA, Law-Green JD, Leahy JP, Rawlings S (1995) The Linear-Size Evolution of Classical Double Radio Sources. Astrophys J 451:76. doi:10.1086/176201, arXiv:astro-ph/9508036
Nesvadba NPH, Lehnert MD, Eisenhauer F, Gilbert A, Tecza M, Abuter R (2006) Extreme Gas Kinematics in the z = 2.2 Powerful Radio Galaxy MRC 1138-262: Evidence for Efficient Active Galactic Nucleus Feedback in the Early Universe? Astrophys J 650:693–705. doi:10.1086/507266, arXiv:astro-ph/0606530
Nilsson K, Valtonen MJ, Kotilainen J, Jaakkola T (1993) On the redshift-apparent size diagram of double radio sources. Astrophys J 413: 453–476. doi:10.1086/173016
Nilsson KK, Fynbo JPU, Møller P, Sommer-Larsen J, Ledoux C (2006) A Lyman-α blob in the GOODS South field: evidence for cold accretion onto a dark matter halo. Astron & Astrophys 452:L23–L26. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200600025, arXiv:astro-ph/0512396
Novak GS, Faber SM, Dekel A (2006) On the Correlations of Massive Black Holes with Their Host Galaxies. Astrophys J 637:96–103. doi:10.1086/498333, arXiv:astro-ph/0510102
Omont A (2007) Molecules in galaxies. Reports of Progress in Physics 70: 1099–1176. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/70/7/R03
Osterbrock DE, Ferland GJ (2006) Astrophysics of gaseous nebulae and active galactic nuclei. Astrophysics of gaseous nebulae and active galactic nuclei, 2nd ed by D.E. Osterbrock and G.J. Ferland. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books, 2006
Ouchi M, Shimasaku K, Akiyama M, Sekiguchi K, Furusawa H, Okamura S, Kashikawa N, Iye M, Kodama T, Saito T, Sasaki T, Simpson C, Takata T, Yamada T, Yamanoi H, Yoshida M, Yoshida M (2005) The Discovery of Primeval Large-Scale Structures with Forming Clusters at Redshift 6. Astrophys J Lett 620:L1–L4. doi:10.1086/428499, arXiv:astro-ph/0412648
Overzier RA (2006) Emergence of Cosmic Structures around Distant Radio Galaxies and Quasars. PhD thesis, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
Overzier RA, Harris DE, Carilli CL, Pentericci L, Röttgering HJA, Miley GK (2005) On the X-ray emission of z ~ 2 radio galaxies: IC scattering of the CMB and no evidence for fully-formed potential wells. Astron & Astrophys 433:87–100. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:2004165, arXiv:astro-ph/0412026
Overzier RA, Bouwens RJ, Cross NJG, Venemans B, Miley GK, Zirm AW, Benitez N, Blakeslee JP, Coe D, Demarco R, Ford H, Homeier N, Illingworth GD, Kurk JD, Martel A, Mei S, Rottgering HJA, Tsvetanov Z, Zheng W (2006a) Star formation, morphologies and clustering of galaxies in a radio galaxy protocluster at z = 4.1. ArXiv Astrophysics e-prints astro-ph/0601223
Overzier RA, Miley GK, Bouwens RJ, Cross NJG, Zirm AW, Benítez N, Blakeslee JP, Clampin M, Demarco R, Ford HC, Hartig GF, Illingworth GD, Martel AR, Röttgering HJA, Venemans B, Ardila DR, Bartko F, Bradley LD, Broadhurst TJ, Coe D, Feldman PD, Franx M, Golimowski DA, Goto T, Gronwall C, Holden B, Homeier N, Infante L, Kimble RA, Krist JE, Mei S, Menanteau F, Meurer GR, Motta V, Postman M, Rosati P, Siriann M, Sparks WB, Tran HD, Tsvetanov ZI, White RL, Zheng W (2006b) Clustering of Star-forming Galaxies Near a Radio Galaxy at z = 5.2. Astrophys J 637:58–73. doi:10.1086/498234, arXiv:astro-ph/0509308
Owen FN, Keel WC (1995) Faint B3 radio galaxies: Luminosity versus evolution effects. Astron J 109: 486–499. doi:10.1086/117294
Pahre MA, Djorgovski SG (1995) A Near-Infrared Search for Line Emission from Protogalaxies Using the W. M. Keck Telescope. Astrophys J Lett 449:L1. doi:10.1086/309632, arXiv:astro-ph/9506043
Panter B, Jimenez R, Heavens AF, Charlot S (2007) The star formation histories of galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 378:1550–1564. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11909.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0608531
Papadopoulos PP (2007) HCN versus HCO+ as Dense Molecular Gas Mass Tracers in Luminous Infrared Galaxies. Astrophys J 656:792–797. doi:10.1086/510186, arXiv:astro-ph/0610477
Papadopoulos PP, Röttgering HJA, van der Werf PP, Guilloteau S, Omont A, van Breugel WJM, Tilanus RPJ (2000) CO (4-3) and Dust Emission in Two Powerful High-Z Radio Galaxies, and CO Lines at High Redshifts. Astrophys J 528:626–636. doi:10.1086/308215, arXiv:astro-ph/9908286
Papadopoulos PP, Greve TR, Ivison RJ, De Breuck C (2005) A sensitive search for CO J = 1 − 0 emission in 4C 41.17: high-excitation molecular gas at z = 3.8. Astron & Astrophys 444:813–819. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053611, arXiv:astro-ph/0509048
Pascarelle SM, Windhorst RA, Keel WC, Odewahn SC (1996) Sub-galactic clumps at a redshift of 2.39 and implications for galaxy formation. Nature 383: 45–50. doi:10.1038/383045a0
Peacock JA (1999) Cosmological Physics. Cosmological Physics, by John A. Peacock, pp. 704. ISBN 052141072X. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, January 1999
Pei YC (1995) The luminosity function of quasars. Astrophys J 438: 623–631. doi:10.1086/175105
Pentericci L, Röttgering HJA, Miley GK, Carilli CL, McCarthy P (1997) The radio galaxy 1138-262 at z = 2.2: a giant elliptical galaxy at the center of a proto-cluster?. Astron & Astrophys 326: 580–596
Pentericci L, Röttgering HJA, Miley GK, Spinrad H, McCarthy PJ, van Breugel WJM, Macchetto F (1998) HST Images of the Extremely Clumpy Radio Galaxy 1138-262 at Z = 2.2. Astrophys J 504: 139. doi:10.1086/306087
Pentericci L, Röttgering HJA, Miley GK, McCarthy P, Spinrad H, van Breugel WJM, Macchetto F (1999) HST images and properties of the most distant radio galaxies. Astron & Astrophys 341: 329–347, astro-ph/9809056
Pentericci L, Kurk JD, Röttgering HJA, Miley GK, van Breugel W, Carilli CL, Ford H, Heckman T, McCarthy P, Moorwood A (2000a) A search for clusters at high redshift. II. A proto cluster around a radio galaxy at z = 2.16. Astron & Astrophys 361: L25–L28, astro-ph/0008143
Pentericci L, Van Reeven W, Carilli CL, Röttgering HJA, Miley GK (2000b) VLA radio continuum observations of a new sample of high redshift radio galaxies. Astron & Astrophys Suppl 145: 121–159, astro-ph/0005524
Pentericci L, McCarthy PJ, Röttgering HJA, Miley GK, van Breugel WJM, Fosbury R (2001) NICMOS Observations of High-Redshift Radio Galaxies: Witnessing the Formation of Bright Elliptical Galaxies? Astrophys J Suppl 135:63–85. doi:10.1086/321781, arXiv:astro-ph/0102323
Pentericci L, Kurk JD, Carilli CL, Harris DE, Miley GK, Röttgering HJA (2002) A Chandra study of X-ray sources in the field of the z = 2.16 radio galaxy MRC 1138-262. Astron & Astrophys 396:109–115. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021368, arXiv:astro-ph/0209392
Pérez-Torres MA, De Breuck C (2005) The extremely asymmetric radio structure of the z = 3.1 radio galaxy B3 J2330 + 3927. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 363:L41–L45. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2005.00080.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0507489
Pérez-Torres MA, De Breuck C, van Breugel W, Miley G (2006) Very high-resolution radio observations of HzRGs. Astron Nachrich 327:245–248. doi:10.1002/ansa.200510516, arXiv:astro-ph/0508692
Peterson BM (1997) An introduction to active galactic nuclei. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Physical description xvi, 238 pp. ISBN 0521473489
Podariu S, Daly RA, Mory MP, Ratra B (2003) Radio galaxy redshift-angular size data constraints on dark energy. Astrophys J 584:577–579. doi:10.1086/345752, arXiv:astro-ph/0207096
Rawlings S, Saunders R (1991) Evidence for a common central-engine mechanism in all extragalactic radio sources. Nature 349: 138–140, doi:10.1038/349138a0
Rawlings S, Eales S, Warren S (1990) The detection of four high-redshift (0.5 much less than Z less than or equal to 3.22) radiogalaxies by optical spectroscopy of five blank fields. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 243: 14P–18P
Rawlings S, Lacy M, Blundell KM, Eales SA, Bunker AJ, Garrington ST (1996) A radio galaxy at redshift 4.41. Nature 383: 502–505. doi:10.1038/383502a0
Rees MJ (1967) Studies in radio source structure-I. A relativistically expanding model for variable quasi-stellar radio sources. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 135: 345
Rees MJ (1989) The radio/optical alignment of high-z radio galaxies - Triggering of star formation in radio lobes. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 239: 1P–4P
Rengelink RB (1999) The Westerbork Northern Sky Survey; the cosmological evolution of radio sources. PhD thesis, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Rengelink RB, Tang Y, de Bruyn AG, Miley GK, Bremer MN, Roettgering HJA, Bremer MAR (1997) The Westerbork Northern Sky Survey (WENSS), I. A 570 square degree Mini-Survey around the North Ecliptic Pole. Astron & Astrophys Suppl 124: 259–280
Reuland M (2005) Gas, dust and star formation in distant radio galaxies. PhD thesis, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Reuland M, van Breugel W, Röttgering H, de Vries W, De Breuck C, Stern D (2003a) An obscured radio galaxy at high redshift. Astrophys J Lett 582:L71–L74. doi:10.1086/367689, arXiv:astro-ph/0302432
Reuland M, van Breugel W, Röttgering H, de Vries W, Stanford SA, Dey A, Lacy M, Bland-Hawthorn J, Dopita M, Miley G (2003b) Giant Lyα nebulae associated with high-redshift radio galaxies. Astrophys J 592:755–766. doi:10.1086/375619, arXiv:astro-ph/0303637
Reuland M, Röttgering H, van Breugel W, De Breuck C (2004) Dust and star formation in distant radio galaxies. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 353:377–390. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08063.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0405567
Reuland M, van Breugel W, de Vries W, Dopita MA, Dey A, Miley G, Röttgering H, Venemans B, Stanford SA, Lacy M, Spinrad H, Dawson S, Stern D, Bunker A (2007) Metal-enriched gaseous halos around distant radio galaxies: clues to Feedback in galaxy formation. Astron J 133:2607–2623. doi:10.1086/516571, arXiv:astro-ph/0702753
Rocca-Volmerange B, Remazeilles M (2005) Evidence of intense hot (~340 K) dust emission in 3CR radio galaxies. The most dissipative source of cooling in AGNs. Astron & Astrophys 433:73–77. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042106, arXiv:astro-ph/0411733
Rocca-Volmerange B, Le Borgne D, De Breuck C, Fioc M, Moy E (2004) The radio galaxy K-z relation: the 1012 M Sol mass limit. Masses of galaxies from the L K luminosity, up to z > 4. Astron & Astrophys 415:931–940. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031717, arXiv:astro-ph/0311490
Röttgering H, de Bruyn G, Pentericci L (1999a) HI and high redshift radio galaxies. In: Röttgering HJA, Best PN, Lehnert MD (eds) The most distant radio galaxies, pp 113
Röttgering HJA, Lacy M, Miley GK, Chambers KC, Saunders R (1994) Samples of ultra-steep spectrum radio sources. Astron & Astrophys Suppl 108: 79–141
Röttgering HJA, Miley GK, Chambers KC, Macchetto F (1995) CCD imaging of ultra-steep-spectrum radio sources. Astron & Astrophys Suppl 114: 51
Röttgering HJA, West MJ, Miley GK, Chambers KC (1996) The optical counterparts and the environments of ultra-steep-spectrum radio sources. Astron & Astrophys 307: 376–384
Röttgering HJA, van Ojik R, Miley GK, Chambers KC, van Breugel WJM, de Koff S (1997) Spectroscopy of ultra-steep spectrum radio sources: a sample of z>2 radio galaxies. Astron & Astrophys 326: 505–527, arXiv:astro-ph/9608063
Röttgering HJA, Best PN, Lehnert MD (eds) (1999b) The most distant radio galaxies
Röttgering HJA, Best PN, De Breuck C, Kurk J, Pentericci L, van Breugel W (2000) Distant radio galaxies: the present and future. In: van Haarlem MP (ed) Perspectives on Radio Astro: science with large antenna arrays, proceedings of the conference on at The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, 7–9 April 1999. ASTRON,, 340 pp. ISBN: 90-805434-1-1
Röttgering HJA, Braun R, Barthel PD, van Haarlem MP, Miley GK, Morganti R, Snellen I, Falcke H, de Bruyn AG, Stappers RB, Boland WHWM, Butcher HR, de Geus EJ, Koopmans L, Fender R, Kuijpers J, Schilizzi RT, Vogt C, Wijers RAMJ, Wise M, Brouw WN, Hamaker JP, Noordam JE, Oosterloo T, Bahren L, Brentjens MA, Wijnholds SJ, Bregman JD, van Cappellen WA, Gunst AW, Kant GW, Reitsma J, van der Schaaf K, de Vos CM (2006) LOFAR—Opening up a new window on the Universe. ArXiv Astrophysics e-prints astro-ph/0610596
Scharf C, Smail I, Ivison R, Bower R, van Breugel W, Reuland M (2003) Extended X-Ray Emission around 4C 41.17 at z = 3.8. Astrophys J 596:105–113. doi:10.1086/377531, arXiv:astro-ph/0306314
Schilizzi RT, van Ardenne A, Miley GK, Baud B, Baath L, Ronnang BO, Pauliny-Toth IIK (1979) High resolution observations of the compact central component in the giant radio source 3C 236. Astron & Astrophys 77: 1–2
Schiminovich D, Ilbert O, Arnouts S, Milliard B, Tresse L, Le Fèvre O, Treyer M, Wyder TK, Budavári T, Zucca E, Zamorani G, Martin DC, Adami C, Arnaboldi M, Bardelli S, Barlow T, Bianchi L, Bolzonella M, Bottini D, Byun YI, Cappi A, Contini T, Charlot S, Donas J, Forster K, Foucaud S, Franzetti P, Friedman PG, Garilli B, Gavignaud I, Guzzo L, Heckman TM, Hoopes C, Iovino A, Jelinsky P, Le Brun V, Lee YW, Maccagni D, Madore BF, Malina R, Marano B, Marinoni C, McCracken HJ, Mazure A, Meneux B, Morrissey P, Neff S, Paltani S, Pellò R, Picat JP, Pollo A, Pozzetti L, Radovich M, Rich RM, Scaramella R, Scodeggio M, Seibert M, Siegmund O, Small T, Szalay AS, Vettolani G, Welsh B, Xu CK, Zanichelli A (2005) The GALEX-VVDS measurement of the evolution of the far-ultraviolet luminosity density and the cosmic star formation rate. Astrophys J Lett 619:L47–L50. doi:10.1086/427077, arXiv:astro-ph/0411424
Schwartz DA (2002) X-ray jets as cosmic beacons. Astrophys J Lett 569: L23–L26. doi:10.1086/340482
Scoville NZ, Yun MS, Windhorst RA, Keel WC, Armus L (1997) CO J = 3–2 emission in the radio galaxy 53W002 at it Z = 2.394. Astrophys J Lett 485:L21. doi:10.1086/310807, arXiv:astro-ph/9706291
Seymour N, Stern D, De Breuck C, Vernet J, Rettura A, Dickinson M, Dey A, Eisenhardt P, Fosbury R, Lacy M, McCarthy P, Miley G, Rocca-Volmerange B, Röttgering H, Stanford SA, Teplitz H, van Breugel W, Zirm A (2007) The massive hosts of radio galaxies across cosmic time. Astrophys J Suppl 171:353–375. doi:10.1086/517887, arXiv:astro-ph/0703224
Shimasaku K, Ouchi M, Okamura S, Kashikawa N, Doi M, Furusawa H, Hamabe M, Hayashino T, Kawabata K, Kimura M, Kodaira K, Komiyama Y, Matsuda Y, Miyazaki M, Miyazaki S, Nakata F, Ohta K, Ohyama Y, Sekiguchi M, Shioya Y, Tamura H, Taniguchi Y, Yagi M, Yamada T, Yasuda N (2003) Subaru Deep Survey. IV. Discovery of a large-scale structure at redshift ~ = 5. Astrophys J Lett 586:L111–L114. doi:10.1086/374880, arXiv:astro-ph/0302466
Siebenmorgen R, Krügel E (2007) Dust in starburst nuclei and ULIRGs. SED models for observers. Astron & Astrophys 461:445–453. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065700, arXiv:astro-ph/0606444
Siebenmorgen R, Krügel E, Laureijs RJ (2001) The infrared continuum radiation of NGC 1808. A PAH and polarisation study. Astron & Astrophys 377:735–744. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010969, arXiv:astro-ph/0107098
Silk J, Rees MJ (1998) Quasars and galaxy formation. Astron & Astrophys 331: L1–L4, arXiv:astro-ph/9801013
Simpson C, Eisenhardt P (1999) The detection and photometric redshift determination of distant galaxies using SIRTF’s infrared array camera. PASP 111: 691–701. arXiv:astro-ph/9903067
Smail I, Ivison RJ, Gilbank DG, Dunlop JS, Keel WC, Motohara K, Stevens JA (2003) A SCUBA galaxy in the protocluster around 53W002 at z = 2.4. Astrophys J 583:551–558. doi:10.1086/345474, arXiv:astro-ph/0210183
Smith HE, Spinrad H (1980) An update of the status of the revised 3C catalog of radio sources 22 new galaxy redshifts. PASP 92: 553–569
Solomon PM, Van den Bout PA (2005) Molecular gas at high redshift. ARA&A 43: 677–725, arXiv:astro-ph/0508481
Solórzano-Iñarrea C, Best PN, Röttgering HJA, Cimatti A (2004) VLT spectropolarimetry of two powerful radio galaxies at z ~ 1.4: ultraviolet continuum, emission-line properties and the nature of high-redshift dust. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 351:997–1014. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07842.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0403390
Spinrad H (1976) Following Minkowski’s footsteps - A survey of distant radio sources. PASP 88: 565–573
Spinrad H, Westphal J, Kristian J, Sandage A (1977) Spectroscopy and photometry of the distant radio galaxy 3C 343.1. Astrophys J Lett 216: L87–L89
Springel V, Di Matteo T, Hernquist L (2005a) Modelling feedback from stars and black holes in galaxy mergers. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 361:776–794. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09238.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0411108
Springel V, White SDM, Jenkins A, Frenk CS, Yoshida N, Gao L, Navarro J, Thacker R, Croton D, Helly J, Peacock JA, Cole S, Thomas P, Couchman H, Evrard A, Colberg J, Pearce F (2005b) Simulations of the formation, evolution and clustering of galaxies and quasars. Nature 435:629–636. doi:10.1038/nature03597, arXiv:astro-ph/0504097
Stanford SA, Eisenhardt PR, Brodwin M, Gonzalez AH, Stern D, Jannuzi BT, Dey A, Brown MJI, McKenzie E, Elston R (2005) An IR-selected galaxy cluster at z = 1.41. Astrophys J Lett 634:L129–L132. doi:10.1086/499045, arXiv:astro-ph/0510655
Steidel CC, Adelberger KL, Dickinson M, Giavalisco M, Pettini M, Kellogg M (1998) A large structure of galaxies at redshift Z approximately 3 and its cosmological implications. Astrophys J 492:428. doi:10.1086/305073, arXiv:astro-ph/9708125
Steidel CC, Adelberger KL, Shapley AE, Pettini M, Dickinson M, Giavalisco M (2000) Lyα Imaging of a Proto-Cluster Region at z = 3.09. Astrophys J 532:170–182. doi:10.1086/308568, arXiv:astro-ph/9910144
Steidel CC, Adelberger KL, Shapley AE, Erb DK, Reddy NA, Pettini M (2005) Spectroscopic Identification of a Protocluster at z = 2.300: environmental dependence of galaxy properties at high redshift. Astrophys J 626:44–50. doi:10.1086/429989, arXiv:astro-ph/0502432
Stern D, Dey A, Spinrad H, Maxfield L, Dickinson M, Schlegel D, González RA (1999) New high-redshift radio galaxies from the MIT-Green Bank Catalog. Astron J 117:1122–1138. doi:10.1086/300770, arXiv:astro-ph/9811344
Stevens JA, Ivison RJ, Dunlop JS, Smail IR, Percival WJ, Hughes DH, Röttgering HJA, van Breugel WJM, Reuland M (2003) The formation of cluster elliptical galaxies as revealed by extensive star formation. Nature 425: 264–267, arXiv:astro-ph/0309495
Straughn AN, Cohen SH, Ryan RE, Hathi NP, Windhorst RA, Jansen RA (2006) Tracing galaxy assembly: tadpole galaxies in the hubble ultra deep field. Astrophys J 639:724–730. doi:10.1086/499576, arXiv:astro-ph/0511423
Suwa T, Habe A, Yoshikawa K (2006) Protoclusters in the ΛCDM Universe. Astrophys J Lett 646:L5–L8. doi:10.1086/506607, arXiv:astro-ph/0606292
Tadhunter CN, Morganti R, Robinson A, Dickson R, Villar-Martín M, Fosbury RAE (1998) The nature of the optical-radio correlations for powerful radio galaxies. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 298: 1035–1047, astro-ph/9807238
Tananbaum H (2006) The Constellation X-ray Mission. Bull Am Astron Soci 38: 393
Taniguchi Y, Shioya Y (2001) A new interpretation of chain galaxies at high redshift. Astrophys J 547:146–153. doi:10.1086/318369, arXiv:astro-ph/0008379
Thomas D, Maraston C, Bender R, Mendes de Oliveira C (2005) The epochs of early-type galaxy formation as a function of environment. Astrophys J 621:673–694. doi:10.1086/426932, arXiv:astro-ph/0410209
Thompson D, Djorgovski S, Vigotti M, Grueff G (1994) Identifications and spectroscopy of faint radio galaxies from the B3 VLA survey. Astron J 108: 828–836. doi:10.1086/117114
Tielens AGGM, Miley GK, Willis AG (1979) Westerbork observations of 4C sources with steep radio spectra. Astron & Astrophys Suppl 35: 153
Urry C (2004) AGN Unification: An Update. In: Richards GT, Hall PB (eds) AGN Physics with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, vol 311, pp 49
Urry CM, Padovani P (1995) Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei. PASP 107: 803, arXiv:astro-ph/9506063
Uson JM, Bagri DS, Cornwell TJ (1991) Radio detections of neutral hydrogen at redshift Z = 3.4. Phys Rev Lett 67: 3328–3331
van Breugel W, Heckman T, Butcher H, Miley G (1984) Extended optical line emission from 3C 293—Radio jets propagating through a rotating gaseous disk. Astrophys J 277: 82–91. doi:10.1086/161673
van Breugel W, Filippenko AV, Heckman T, Miley G (1985a) Minkowski’s object - A starburst triggered by a radio jet. Astrophys J 293: 83–93. doi:10.1086/163216
van Breugel W, Miley G, Heckman T, Butcher H, Bridle A (1985b) Optical emission-line gas associated with the radio source 3C 277.3. Astrophys J 290: 496–500. doi:10.1086/163007
van Breugel W, De Breuck C, Stanford SA, Stern D, Röttgering H, Miley G (1999) A Radio Galaxy at Z = 5.19. Astrophys J Lett 518:L61–L64. doi:10.1086/312080, arXiv:astro-ph/9904272
van Breugel WJM, Dey A (1993) Induced star formation in a radio lobe of 3C 285?. Astrophys J 414: 563–572. doi:10.1086/173103
van Breugel WJM, Stanford SA, Spinrad H, Stern D, Graham JR (1998) Morphological Evolution in High-Redshift Radio Galaxies and the Formation of Giant Elliptical Galaxies. Astrophys J 502:614. doi:10.1086/305925, arXiv:astro-ph/9803019
van Groningen E, Miley GK, Norman CA (1980) One-sided jets in extragalactic radiosources. Astron & Astrophys 90: L7–L9
van Ojik R, Rottgering HJA, Miley GK, Bremer MN, Macchetto F, Chambers KC (1994) TX0211-122: A starburst radio galaxy at Z = 2.34. Astron & Astrophys 289: 54–60
van Ojik R, Röttgering HJA, Carilli CL, Miley GK, Bremer MN, Macchetto F (1996) A powerful radio galaxy at z = 3.6 in a giant rotating Lyman α halo. Astron & Astrophys 313: 25–44, astro-ph/9608099
van Ojik R, Röttgering HJA, Miley GK, Hunstead RW (1997a) The gaseous environments of radio galaxies in the early Universe: kinematics of the Lyman α emission and spatially resolved H I absorption. Astron & Astrophys 317: 358–384, astro-ph/9608092
van Ojik R, Röttgering HJA, van der Werf PP, Miley GK, Carilli CL, Visser A, Isaak KG, Lacy M, Jenness T, Sleath J, Wink J (1997b) A search for molecular gas in high redshift radio galaxies. Astron & Astrophys 321: 389–396, arXiv:astro-ph/9610170
Venemans BP, Kurk JD, Miley GK, Röttgering HJA, van Breugel W, Carilli CL, De Breuck C, Ford H, Heckman T, McCarthy P, Pentericci L (2002) The Most Distant Structure of Galaxies Known: A Protocluster at z = 4.1. Astrophys J Lett 569:L11–L14. doi:10.1086/340563, astro-ph/0203249
Venemans BP, Röttgering HJA, Overzier RA, Miley GK, De Breuck C, Kurk JD, van Breugel W, Carilli CL, Ford H, Heckman T, McCarthy P, Pentericci L (2004) Discovery of six Lyα emitters near a radio galaxy at z ~ 5.2. Astron & Astrophys 424:L17–L20. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400041, astro-ph/0408520
Venemans BP, Röttgering HJA, Miley GK, Kurk JD, De Breuck C, Overzier RA, van Breugel WJM, Carilli CL, Ford H, Heckman T, Pentericci L, McCarthy P (2005) Properties of Lyα emitters around the radio galaxy MRC 0316-257. Astron & Astrophys 431:793–812. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042038, astro-ph/0501259
Venemans BP, Röttgering HJA, Miley GK, van Breugel WJM, de Breuck C, Kurk JD, Pentericci L, Stanford SA, Overzier RA, Croft S, Ford H (2007) Protoclusters associated with z > 2 radio galaxies. I. Characteristics of high redshift protoclusters. Astron & Astrophys 461:823–845. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053941, arXiv:astro-ph/0610567
Vernet J, Fosbury RAE, Villar-Martín M, Cohen MH, Cimatti A, di Serego Alighieri S, Goodrich RW (2001a) Erratum: Radio galaxies at z ~ 2.5: Results from Keck spectropolarimetry. Astron & Astrophys 370: 407–408. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010396
Vernet J, Fosbury RAE, Villar-Martín M, Cohen MH, Cimatti A, di Serego Alighieri S, Goodrich RW (2001b) Radio galaxies at z ~ 2.5: Results from Keck spectropolarimetry. Astron & Astrophys 366:7–25. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000076, astro-ph/0010640
Villar-Martín M (2007) Giant Lyα nebulae in the high redshift (z > 2) Universe. New Astro Review 51:194–201. doi:10.1016/j.newar.2006.11.017, arXiv:astro-ph/0611763
Villar-Martín M, Binette L (1996) CA depletion and the presence of dust in large scale nebulosities in radiogalaxies. I. Astron & Astrophys 309: 97–108, astro-ph/9511113
Villar-Martín M, Binette L (1997) CA depletion and the presence of dust in large scale nebulosities in radiogalaxies II. Astron & Astrophys 317: 350–357, astro-ph/9605195
Villar-Martín M, Binette L, Fosbury RAE (1996) The effects of resonance scattering and dust on the UV line spectrum of radio galaxies. Astron & Astrophys 312: 751–760, astro-ph/9605009
Villar-Martín M, Tadhunter C, Clark N (1997) The ionisation mechanism of the extended gas in high redshift radio galaxies: shocks or AGN photoionisation?. Astron & Astrophys 323: 21–30, astro-ph/9701016
Villar-Martín M, Tadhunter C, Morganti R, Clark N, Killeen N, Axon D (1998) PKS 1932-464: a jet-cloud interaction in a radio galaxy?. Astron & Astrophys 332: 479–492, astro-ph/9801039
Villar-Martín M, Binette L, Fosbury RAE (1999a) The nature of the extreme kinematics in the extended gas of high redshift radio galaxies. Astron & Astrophys 346: 7–12, astro-ph/9903122
Villar-Martín M, Tadhunter C, Morganti R, Axon D, Koekemoer A (1999b) PKS 2250-41 and the role of jet-cloud interactions in powerful radio galaxies. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 307: 24–40, astro-ph/9901201
Villar-Martín M, Alonso-Herrero A, di Serego Alighieri S, Vernet J (2000) Interpreting the kinematics of the extended gas in distant radiogalaxies from 8-10 m telescope spectra. Astron & Astrophys Suppl 147: 291–297, astro-ph/0009275
Villar-Martín M, De Young D, Alonso-Herrero A, Allen M, Binette L (2001) Shocks and dust survival in nearby active galaxies: implications for the alignment effect. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 328:848–854. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04916.x, astro-ph/0108340
Villar-Martín M, Vernet J, di Serego Alighieri S, Fosbury R, Pentericci L, Cohen M, Goodrich R, Humphrey A (2002) Giant low surface brightness haloes in distant radio galaxies: USS0828 + 193. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 336:436–444. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05751.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0206118
Villar-Martín M, Vernet J, di Serego Alighieri S, Fosbury R, Humphrey A, Pentericci L (2003) Kinematically quiet haloes around z ~ 2.5 radio galaxies. Keck spectroscopy. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 346:273–294. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2966.2003.07090.x, astro-ph/0309012
Villar-Martín M, Tadhunter C, Morganti R, Holt J (2005) The giant star forming halo associated with the radio galaxy PKS 1932-46. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 359:L5–L9. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2005.00022.x, astro-ph/0501414
Villar-Martín M, Gómez JL, González Delgado R, Pérez E (eds) (2006a) The Granada workshop on High Redshift Radio Galaxies, vol 327
Villar-Martín M, Sánchez SF, De Breuck C, Peletier R, Vernet J, Rettura A, Seymour N, Humphrey A, Stern D, di Serego Alighieri S, Fosbury R (2006b) VIMOS-VLT and Spitzer observations of a radio galaxy at z = 2.5. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 366:L1–L5. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2005.00118.x, astro-ph/0510733
Villar-Martín M, Humphrey A, De Breuck C, Fosbury R, Binette L, Vernet J (2007a) Lyα excess in high-redshift radio galaxies: a signature of star formation. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 375:1299–1310. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11371.x, astro-ph/0612116
Villar-Martín M, Sánchez SF, Humphrey A, Dijkstra M, di Serego Alighieri S, De Breuck C, González Delgado R (2007b) VIMOS-VLT spectroscopy of the giant Lyα nebulae associated with three z ~ 2.5 radio galaxies. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 378:416–428. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11811.x, arXiv:0704.1116
Weidinger M, Møller P, Fynbo JPU (2004) The Lyman-α glow of gas falling into the dark matter halo of a z = 3 galaxy. Nature 430:999–1001. doi:10.1038/nature02793, arXiv:astro-ph/0408478
Weidinger M, Møller P, Fynbo JPU, Thomsen B (2005) The extended Lyman-α emission surrounding the z = 3.04 radio-quiet QSO1205-30: Primordial infalling gas illuminated by the quasar? Astron & Astrophys 436:825–835. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042304, arXiv:astro-ph/0503241
White SDM, Rees MJ (1978) Core condensation in heavy halos - A two-stage theory for galaxy formation and clustering. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 183: 341–358
Willott CJ, Rawlings S, Blundell KM, Lacy M, Eales SA (2001) The radio luminosity function from the low-frequency 3CRR, 6CE and 7CRS complete samples. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 322: 536–552, arXiv:astro-ph/0010419
Willott CJ, Rawlings S, Blundell KM, Lacy M, Hill GJ, Scott SE (2002) Optical spectroscopy of radio galaxies in the 7C Redshift Survey. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 335:1120–1132. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05718.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0205507
Wilman RJ, Jarvis MJ, Röttgering HJA, Binette L (2004) HI in the protocluster environment at z > 2: absorbing haloes and the Lyα forest. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 351:1109–1119. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07857.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0403519
Windhorst RA, Burstein D, Mathis DF, Neuschaefer LW, Bertola F, Buson LM, Koo DC, Matthews K, Barthel PD, Chambers KC (1991) The discovery of a young radio galaxy at Z = 2.390—Probing initial star formation at Z less than approximately 3.0. Astrophys J 380: 362–383. doi:10.1086/170596
Yuan W, Fabian AC, Celotti A, Jonker PG (2003) Extended X-ray emission in the high-redshift quasar GB 1508 + 5714 at z = 4.3. Mon Not Roy Astro Soc 346:L7–L10. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2966.2003.07234.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0309318
Zirm AW, Overzier RA, Miley GK, Blakeslee JP, Clampin M, De Breuck C, Demarco R, Ford HC, Hartig GF, Homeier N, Illingworth GD, Martel AR, Röttgering HJA, Venemans B, Ardila DR, Bartko F, Benítez N, Bouwens RJ, Bradley LD, Broadhurst TJ, Brown RA, Burrows CJ, Cheng ES, Cross NJG, Feldman PD, Franx M, Golimowski DA, Goto T, Gronwall C, Holden B, Infante L, Kimble RA, Krist JE, Lesser MP, Mei S, Menanteau F, Meurer GR, Motta V, Postman M, Rosati P, Sirianni M, Sparks WB, Tran HD, Tsvetanov ZI, White RL, Zheng W (2005) Feedback and brightest cluster galaxy formation: ACS observations of the radio galaxy TN J1338-1942 at z = 4.1. Astrophys J 630:68–81. doi:10.1086/431921, astro-ph/0505610
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
About this article
Cite this article
Miley, G., De Breuck, C. Distant radio galaxies and their environments. Astron Astrophys Rev 15, 67–144 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-007-0008-z
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-007-0008-z