Abstract
Objective. To describe a four-step protocol for withholding and withdrawal of life support (WH/WDLS) in intensive care unit (ICU) terminal patients.
Design. Observational study.
Setting. A 10-bed ICU of a general hospital.
Patients. Eighty-three patients out of 475 consecutive patients admitted over a 1 year period had WH/WDLS.
Interventions. The healthcare team chose a pattern of treatment limitation on a four-step protocol for every patient every day. There were four alternatives: group 1: no limitation of care; group 2: patient designated do not resuscitate (DNR) and pressors limited to dopamine at a maximum dose of 20 µg/kg per min; others therapies were continued; group 3: active withdrawal of all therapy except comfort care, i.e., the patient continued to receive nursing, sedation/analgesia, hydration and mechanical ventilation with FIO2=0.21 and no positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Sedation was adjusted to Ramsay 3–4. The group 4 was treated the same as group 3 except that minute ventilation was 5 l/min and sedation/analgesia adjusted to Ramsay 6. WH/WDLS was performed only if the full ICU staff and all family members agreed with the procedure. WH/WDLS was documented in the patient's chart.
Results. Withholding and withdrawal of life support was performed in 83 patients (17%): 25 patients in group 2 (15 deaths), 36 patients in group 3 (36 deaths) and 22 patients in group 4 (22 deaths). Finally, 73 patients died after WH/WDLS. ICU stay was 10±17 days, time from admission to WH/WDLS was 184+407 h and time from WH/WDLS to death was 64±84 h.
Conclusion. This four-step protocol may promote medical decision making on end-of-life care.
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Holzapfel, L., Demingeon, G., Piralla, B. et al. A four-step protocol for limitation of treatment in terminal care. An observational study in 475 intensive care unit patients. Intensive Care Med 28, 1309–1315 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-002-1370-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-002-1370-y