Abstract
Impedance spectroscopy (IS) is a general term that subsumes the small-signal measurement of the linear electrical response of a material of interest (including electrode effects) and the subsequent analysis of the response to yield useful information about the physicochemical properties of the system. Analysis is generally carried out in the frequency domain, although measurements are sometimes made in the time domain and then Fourier transformed to the frequency domain. IS is by no means limited to the measurement and analysis of data at the impedance level (e.g., impedance vs. frequency) but may involve any of the four basic immittance levels: thus, most generally, IS stands for immittance spectroscopy.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Archer, W.I.; Armstrong, R.D. The application of AC impedance methods in solid electrolytes. Electrochemistry 7:157–202; 1980.
Armstrong, R.D.; Bell, M.F.; Metcalfe, A.A. The AC impedance of complex electrochemical reactions. Electrochemistry 6:98–127; 1978.
Bauerle, J.E. Study of solid electrolyte polarization by a complex admittance method. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 30:2657–2670; 1969.
Buck, R.P.; Krull, I. Transient electrical behavior of glass electrodes. Part III. Experimental J. Electroanal. Chem. 18:387–399; 1968.
Carter, C.W. Impedance of networks containing resistances and two reactances. Bell Sys. Tech. J. 4:387–401; 1925.
Gabrielli, C., ed. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Electrochim. Acta 35:1483–1670; S1–S18; 1990.
Hurt, R.L.; Macdonald, J.R. Distributed circuit elements in impedance spectroscopy: A unified treatment of conductive and dielectric systems. Solid State Ionics 20:111–124; 1986.
Macdonald, J.R.; Garber, J.A. Analysis of impedance and admittance data for solids and liquids. J. Electrochem. Soc. 124:1022–1030; 1977.
Macdonald, J.R.; Franceschetti, D.R. Theory of small-signal AC response of solids and liquids with recombining mobile charge. J. Chem. Phys. 68:1614–1637; 1978.
Macdonald, J.R.; Schoonman, J.; Lehnen, A.P. Three dimensional perspective plotting and fitting of immittance data. Solid State Ionics 5:137–140; 1981.
Macdonald, J.R., ed. Impedance spectroscopy—Emphasizing solid materials and systems. New York: Wiley-Interscience; 1987.
Macdonald, J.R.; Potter, Jr., L.D. A flexible procedure for analyzing impedance spectroscopy results: Description and illustrations. Solid State Ionics 23:61–79; 1987.
Macdonald, J.R. Response of systems with Gaussian or exponential energy distributions. J. Electrochem. Soc. 135:3067–3068; 1988.
Macdonald, J.R. Impedance spectroscopy: Old problems and new developments. In: Gabrielli, C., ed. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Electrochim. Acta 35:1483–1492; 1990.
Randles, J.E.B.; Somerton, K.W. Kinetics of rapid electrode reactions. Trans. Farad. Soc. 48:937–950; 1952.
Schöne, G.; Wiesbeck, W.; Lorenz, W.J. High-frequency impedance spectroscopy of fast electrode reactions J. Electroanal. Chem. 229:407–421; 1987.
Sluyters, J.H.; Oomen, J.J.C. On the impedance of galvanic cells. II. Experimental verification. Rec. Trav. Chim. 79:1101–1110; 1960.
Sluyters-Rehbach, M.; Sluyters, J.H. AC Techniques. In: Yeager, E.; Bockris, J.O'M.; Conway, B.E.; Sarangapani, S., eds. Comprehensive treatise of electrochemistry, Vol. 9. New York: Plenum Press 1984: pp. 177–292.
Smith, D.E. AC polarography and related techniques: Theory and practice. In: Bard, A.J., ed. Electro-analytical chemistry, Vol. 1 New York: Marcel Dekker; 1966: pp. 1–157.
Smith, P.H.. Transmission line calculator. Electronics 12:29–31; 1939.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Revised and adapted from Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, 1991 Yearbook, copyright 1991 by Academic Press Inc., Orlando, FL, by permission.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Macdonald, J.R. Impedance spectroscopy. Ann Biomed Eng 20, 289–305 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02368532
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02368532