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Factors Influencing Bacterial and Fungal Skin Communities of Montane Salamanders of Central Mexico

  • Host Microbe Interactions
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Abstract

Host microbial communities are increasingly seen as an important component of host health. In amphibians, the first land vertebrates that are threatened by a fungal skin disease globally, our understanding of the factors influencing the microbiome of amphibian skin remains incomplete because recent studies have focused almost exclusively on bacteria, and little information exists on fungal communities associated with wild amphibian species. In this study, we describe the effects of host phylogeny, climate, geographic distance, and infection with a fungal pathogen on the composition and structure of bacterial and fungal communities in seven tropical salamander species that occur in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt of Central Mexico. We find that host phylogenetic relatedness is correlated with bacterial community composition while a composite climatic variable of temperature seasonality and precipitation is significantly associated with fungal community composition. We also estimated co-occurrence networks for bacterial and fungal taxa and found differences in the degree of connectivity and the distribution of negative associations between the two networks. Our results suggest that different factors may be responsible for structuring the bacterial and fungal communities of amphibian skin and that the inclusion of fungi in future studies could shed light on important functional interactions within the microbiome.

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Data Availability

Sequence data for cytb from Sanger sequencing of salamanders are available in Genbank (ON369403–ON369432). Amplicon sequences for 16S and ITS2 are available in the Short Read Archive (BioProject PRJNA830991).

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by Conacyt Ciencia Básica grant 221614 and Problemas Nacionales grant 2015-01-721 to Sean Rovito and Belmont Forum project: People, Pollution and Pathogens (P3) NSF 1633948 to Vance Vredenburg. Julio García-Sánchez was funded by a Conacyt graduate fellowship. Omar Becerra and Mirna García-Castillo helped with fieldwork.

Funding

This research was funded by Conacyt Ciencia Básica grant 221614 and Problemas Nacionales grant 2015–01-721 to Sean Rovito and Belmont Forum project: People, Pollution and Pathogens (P3) NSF 1633948 to Vance Vredenburg. Julio García-Sánchez was funded by a Conacyt graduate fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México

    Julio César García-Sánchez, José Arredondo-Centeno, María Guadalupe Segovia-Ramírez, Ariadna Marcela Tenorio Olvera & Sean M. Rovito

  2. Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México

    José Arredondo-Centeno & Ariadna Marcela Tenorio Olvera

  3. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, México

    Gabriela Parra-Olea

  4. Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Vance T. Vredenburg

  5. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Vance T. Vredenburg

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  1. Julio César García-Sánchez
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  2. José Arredondo-Centeno
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  3. María Guadalupe Segovia-Ramírez
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  4. Ariadna Marcela Tenorio Olvera
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  5. Gabriela Parra-Olea
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  6. Vance T. Vredenburg
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  7. Sean M. Rovito
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sean M. Rovito.

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Ethics Statement

All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All procedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution or practice at which the studies were conducted. This research was conducted under animal use protocol SIACUAL 0148–15 to Sean Rovito. The article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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García-Sánchez, J.C., Arredondo-Centeno, J., Segovia-Ramírez, M.G. et al. Factors Influencing Bacterial and Fungal Skin Communities of Montane Salamanders of Central Mexico. Microb Ecol 86, 670–686 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-022-02049-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-022-02049-x

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