Abstract
The formation of trapped surfaces in the head-on collision of shock waves in conformal and non-conformal backgrounds is investigated. The backgrounds include all interesting confining and non-confining backgrounds that may be relevant for QCD. Several transverse profiles of the shocks are investigated including distributions that fall-off as powers or exponentials. Different ways of cutting-off the UV contributions (that are expected to be perturbative in QCD) are explored. Under some plausible simplifying assumptions our estimates are converted into predictions for multiplicities for heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
E. Kiritsis and A. Taliotis, Mini-black-hole production at RHIC and LHC, arXiv:1110.5642 [INSPIRE].
K. Kang and H. Nastase, High energy QCD from planckian scattering in AdS and the Froissart bound, Phys. Rev. D 72 (2005) 106003 [hep-th/0410173] [INSPIRE].
S.B. Giddings, High-energy QCD scattering, the shape of gravity on an IR brane and the Froissart bound, Phys. Rev. D 67 (2003) 126001 [hep-th/0203004] [INSPIRE].
S. Lin and E. Shuryak, On the critical condition in gravitational shock wave collision and heavy ion collisions, Phys. Rev. D 83 (2011) 045025 [arXiv:1011.1918] [INSPIRE].
Y.V. Kovchegov and A. Taliotis, Early time dynamics in heavy ion collisions from AdS/CFT correspondence, Phys. Rev. C 76 (2007) 014905 [arXiv:0705.1234] [INSPIRE].
M. Spillane, A. Stoffers and I. Zahed, Jet quenching in shock waves, JHEP 02 (2012) 023 [arXiv:1110.5069] [INSPIRE].
K. Sfetsos, On gravitational shock waves in curved space-times, Nucl. Phys. B 436 (1995) 721 [hep-th/9408169] [INSPIRE].
J.L. Albacete, Y.V. Kovchegov and A. Taliotis, Modeling heavy ion collisions in AdS/CFT, JHEP 07 (2008) 100 [arXiv:0805.2927] [INSPIRE].
S. Khlebnikov, M. Kruczenski and G. Michalogiorgakis, Shock waves in strongly coupled plasmas, Phys. Rev. D 82 (2010) 125003 [arXiv:1004.3803] [INSPIRE].
S. Khlebnikov, M. Kruczenski and G. Michalogiorgakis, Shock waves in strongly coupled plasmas II, JHEP 07 (2011) 097 [arXiv:1105.1355] [INSPIRE].
P.M. Chesler and L.G. Yaffe, Holography and colliding gravitational shock waves in asymptotically AdS 5 spacetime, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (2011) 021601 [arXiv:1011.3562] [INSPIRE].
M.P. Heller, R.A. Janik and P. Witaszczyk, The characteristics of thermalization of boost-invariant plasma from holography, arXiv:1103.3452 [INSPIRE].
J.L. Albacete, Y.V. Kovchegov and A. Taliotis, Asymmetric collision of two shock waves in AdS 5, JHEP 05 (2009) 060 [arXiv:0902.3046] [INSPIRE].
I.Y. Aref’eva, A. Bagrov and L. Joukovskaya, Critical trapped surfaces formation in the collision of ultrarelativistic charges in (A)dS, JHEP 03 (2010) 002 [arXiv:0909.1294] [INSPIRE].
I.Y. Aref’eva, A. Bagrov and E. Guseva, Critical formation of trapped surfaces in the collision of non-expanding gravitational shock waves in de Sitter space-time, JHEP 12 (2009) 009 [arXiv:0905.1087] [INSPIRE].
B. Wu and P. Romatschke, Shock wave collisions in AdS 5 : approximate numerical solutions, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 22 (2011) 1317 [arXiv:1108.3715] [INSPIRE].
J.L. Albacete, Y.V. Kovchegov and A. Taliotis, DIS on a large nucleus in AdS/CFT, JHEP 07 (2008) 074 [arXiv:0806.1484] [INSPIRE].
A. Taliotis, DIS from the AdS/CFT correspondence, Nucl. Phys. A 830 (2009) 299C-302C [arXiv:0907.4204] [INSPIRE].
D. Grumiller and P. Romatschke, On the collision of two shock waves in AdS 5, JHEP 08 (2008) 027 [arXiv:0803.3226] [INSPIRE].
A. Taliotis, Heavy ion collisions with transverse dynamics from evolving AdS geometries, JHEP 09 (2010) 102 [arXiv:1004.3500] [INSPIRE].
J. Casalderrey-Solana, H. Liu, D. Mateos, K. Rajagopal and U.A. Wiedemann, Gauge/String duality, hot QCD and heavy ion collisions, arXiv:1101.0618 [INSPIRE].
J.D. Edelstein, J.P. Shock and D. Zoakos, The AdS/CFT correspondence and non-perturbative QCD, AIP Conf. Proc. 1116 (2009) 265 [arXiv:0901.2534] [INSPIRE].
A. Taliotis, \( q\bar{q} \) potential at finite T and weak coupling in \( \mathcal{N} = 4 \), Phys. Rev. C 83 (2011) 045204 [arXiv:1011.6618] [INSPIRE].
A. Bernamonti and R. Peschanski, Time-dependent AdS/CFT correspondence and the quark-gluon plasma, Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 216 (2011) 94 [arXiv:1102.0725] [INSPIRE].
R.A. Janik, The dynamics of quark-gluon plasma and AdS/CFT, Lect. Notes Phys. 828 (2011) 147 [arXiv:1003.3291] [INSPIRE].
U. Gürsoy and E. Kiritsis, Exploring improved holographic theories for QCD: part I, JHEP 02 (2008) 032 [arXiv:0707.1324] [INSPIRE].
U. Gürsoy, E. Kiritsis and F. Nitti, Exploring improved holographic theories for QCD: part II, JHEP 02 (2008) 019 [arXiv:0707.1349] [INSPIRE].
S.S. Gubser and A. Nellore, Mimicking the QCD equation of state with a dual black hole, Phys. Rev. D 78 (2008) 086007 [arXiv:0804.0434] [INSPIRE].
U. Gürsoy, E. Kiritsis, L. Mazzanti and F. Nitti, Deconfinement and gluon plasma dynamics in improved holographic QCD, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 (2008) 181601 [arXiv:0804.0899] [INSPIRE].
U. Gürsoy, E. Kiritsis, L. Mazzanti, G. Michalogiorgakis and F. Nitti, Improved holographic QCD, Lect. Notes Phys. 828 (2011) 79 [arXiv:1006.5461] [INSPIRE].
S.S. Gubser, Curvature singularities: the good, the bad and the naked, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 4 (2000) 679 [hep-th/0002160] [INSPIRE].
S.S. Gubser, S.S. Pufu and A. Yarom, Entropy production in collisions of gravitational shock waves and of heavy ions, Phys. Rev. D 78 (2008) 066014 [arXiv:0805.1551] [INSPIRE].
H. Casini, M. Huerta and R.C. Myers, Towards a derivation of holographic entanglement entropy, JHEP 05 (2011) 036 [arXiv:1102.0440] [INSPIRE].
V. Balasubramanian, A. Bernamonti, J. de Boer, N. Copland, B. Craps, et al., Holographic thermalization, Phys. Rev. D 84 (2011) 026010 [arXiv:1103.2683] [INSPIRE].
M. Hotta and M. Tanaka, Shock wave geometry with nonvanishing cosmological constant, Class. Quant. Grav. 10 (1993) 307 [INSPIRE].
Y.V. Kovchegov and S. Lin, Toward thermalization in heavy ion collisions at strong coupling, JHEP 03 (2010) 057 [arXiv:0911.4707] [INSPIRE].
S. Lin and E. Shuryak, Grazing collisions of gravitational shock waves and entropy production in heavy ion collision, Phys. Rev. D 79 (2009) 124015 [arXiv:0902.1508] [INSPIRE].
S.S. Gubser, S.S. Pufu and A. Yarom, Off-center collisions in AdS 5 with applications to multiplicity estimates in heavy-ion collisions, JHEP 11 (2009) 050 [arXiv:0902.4062] [INSPIRE].
I.S. Gradshteyn and I.M. Ryzhik, Table of integrals, series, and products, fifth edition, Academic Press, San Diego U.S.A. (1994).
U. Gürsoy, E. Kiritsis, L. Mazzanti and F. Nitti, Improved holographic Yang-Mills at finite temperature: comparison with data, Nucl. Phys. B 820 (2009) 148 [arXiv:0903.2859] [INSPIRE].
D.M. Eardley and S.B. Giddings, Classical black hole production in high-energy collisions, Phys. Rev. D 66 (2002) 044011 [gr-qc/0201034] [INSPIRE].
B. Back, M. Baker, D. Barton, R. Betts, M. Ballintijn, et al., The significance of the fragmentation region in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 052303 [nucl-ex/0210015] [INSPIRE].
Y.V. Kovchegov, Introduction to the physics of saturation, Nucl. Phys. A 854 (2011) 3 [arXiv:1007.5021] [INSPIRE].
J. Jalilian-Marian and Y.V. Kovchegov, Saturation physics and deuteron-gold collisions at RHIC, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 56 (2006) 104 [hep-ph/0505052] [INSPIRE].
J.L. Albacete and Y.V. Kovchegov, Solving high energy evolution equation including running coupling corrections, Phys. Rev. D 75 (2007) 125021 [arXiv:0704.0612] [INSPIRE].
A. Mueller and D. Triantafyllopoulos, The energy dependence of the saturation momentum, Nucl. Phys. B 640 (2002) 331 [hep-ph/0205167] [INSPIRE].
D. Triantafyllopoulos, The energy dependence of the saturation momentum from RG improved BFKL evolution, Nucl. Phys. B 648 (2003) 293 [hep-ph/0209121] [INSPIRE].
T. Lappi, Energy dependence of the saturation scale and the charged multiplicity in pp and AA collisions, Eur. Phys. J. C 71 (2011) 1699 [arXiv:1104.3725] [INSPIRE].
J.L. Albacete, N. Armesto, J.G. Milhano and C.A. Salgado, Non-linear QCD meets data: a global analysis of lepton-proton scattering with running coupling BK evolution, Phys. Rev. D 80 (2009) 034031 [arXiv:0902.1112] [INSPIRE].
E. Levin and A.H. Rezaeian, Gluon saturation and energy dependence of hadron multiplicity in pp and AA collisions at the LHC, Phys. Rev. D 83 (2011) 114001 [arXiv:1102.2385] [INSPIRE].
F. Gelis, E. Iancu, J. Jalilian-Marian and R. Venugopalan, The color glass condensate, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 60 (2010) 463 [arXiv:1002.0333] [INSPIRE].
M. Lublinsky and E. Shuryak, Universal hydrodynamics and charged hadron multiplicity at the LHC, Phys. Rev. C 84 (2011) 061901 [arXiv:1108.3972] [INSPIRE].
H. Kowalski, T. Lappi, C. Marquet and R. Venugopalan, Nuclear enhancement and suppression of diffractive structure functions at high energies, Phys. Rev. C 78 (2008) 045201 [arXiv:0805.4071] [INSPIRE].
A. Dumitru and J. Jalilian-Marian, Scattering of gluons from the color glass condensate, Phys. Lett. B 547 (2002) 15 [hep-ph/0111357] [INSPIRE].
J.L. Albacete and C. Marquet, Single inclusive hadron production at RHIC and the LHC from the color glass condensate, Phys. Lett. B 687 (2010) 174 [arXiv:1001.1378] [INSPIRE].
K. Kutak, Gluon saturation and entropy production in proton proton collisions, Phys. Lett. B 705 (2011) 217 [arXiv:1103.3654] [INSPIRE].
B. Gouteraux and E. Kiritsis, Generalized holographic quantum criticality at finite density, JHEP 12 (2011) 036 [arXiv:1107.2116] [INSPIRE].
S. Ochs and U.W. Heinz, Entropy production by resonance decays, Phys. Rev. C 54 (1996) 3199 [hep-ph/9606458] [INSPIRE].
B. Müller and A. Schafer, Entropy creation in relativistic heavy ion collisions, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 20 (2011) 2235 [arXiv:1110.2378] [INSPIRE].
C. Bachas, On the breakdown of perturbation theory, Theor. Math. Phys. 95 (1993) 491 [hep-th/9212033] [INSPIRE].
ATLAS collaboration, G. Aad et al., Kshort and Lambda production in pp interactions at \( \sqrt {s} = 0.9 \) and 7TeV measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC, Phys. Rev. D 85 (2012) 012001 [arXiv:1111.1297] [INSPIRE].
CMS collaboration, V. Khachatryan et al., Transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions of charged hadrons in pp collisions at \( \sqrt {s} = 7{ }TeV \), Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 (2010) 022002 [arXiv:1005.3299] [INSPIRE].
CMS collaboration, V. Khachatryan et al., Charged particle multiplicities in pp interactions at \( \sqrt {s} = 0.9 \), 2.36 and 7 TeV, JHEP 01 (2011) 079 [arXiv:1011.5531] [INSPIRE].
A. Toia, Bulk properties of Pb-Pb collisions at \( \sqrt {{{{s}_{{_{{N{ }N}}}}}}} = 2.76{ }TeV \) measured by ALICE, J. Phys. G 38 (2011) 124007 [arXiv:1107.1973] [INSPIRE].
P. Steinberg, Landau hydrodynamics and RHIC phenomena, Acta Phys. Hung. A 24 (2005) 51 [nucl-ex/0405022] [INSPIRE].
E. Kiritsis, Dissecting the string theory dual of QCD, Fortsch. Phys. 57 (2009) 396 [arXiv:0901.1772] [INSPIRE].
R. da Rocha and C.H. Coimbra-Araujo, Extra dimensions in LHC via mini-black holes: effective Kerr-Newman brane-world effects, Phys. Rev. D 74 (2006) 055006 [hep-ph/0607027] [INSPIRE].
A. Taliotis, Black topologies production in extra dimensions, arXiv:1204.0778 [INSPIRE].
S.B. Giddings and S.D. Thomas, High-energy colliders as black hole factories: the end of short distance physics, Phys. Rev. D 65 (2002) 056010 [hep-ph/0106219] [INSPIRE].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
ArXiv ePrint: 1111.1931v2
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Kiritsis, E., Taliotis, A. Multiplicities from black-hole formation in heavy-ion collisions. J. High Energ. Phys. 2012, 65 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP04(2012)065
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP04(2012)065