Summary
Two possible methods for monitoring exposure to 2,4-difluoroaniline and 4-fluoroaniline have been investigated: measurement of methaemoglobin content in blood and measurement of urinary metabolites. Experiments using rats dosed by the oral route as a model system show that measurement of methaemoglobin content provides a very rapid and simple monitoring method, but is not very sensitive. Measurement of the ortho-hydroxy metabolites of the two compounds, as their benzoxazole derivatives, provides a much more sensitive, but complicated technique. Details of both methods are presented.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Baldwin MK, Hutson DH (1980) The metabolism of 3-chloro-4-fluoroaniline in dog and rat. Xenobiotica 10:135–144
Bright JE, Marrs TC (1982) A model for the induction of moderate levels of methaemoglobinaemia in man using 4-dimethylaminophenol. Arch Toxicol 50:57–64
Evelyn RA, Malloy HT (1939) Microdetermination of oxyhaemoglobin, methaemoglobin and sulphemoglobin in a single sample of blood. J Biol Chem 126:655–662
Greenberg LA, Lester D (1947) Metabolic fate of acetanilide and other aniline derivatives. III. Role of p-aminophenol in production of methaemoglobinemia after acetanilide. J Pharmacol 90:150–153
Grunow W, Böhme C, Budczies B (1970) Über den Stoffwechsel von Carbamat-Herbiciden in der Ratte. 2. Mitteilung, Stoffwechsel von Chlorpropham und Barban. Fd Cosmet Toxicol 8:277–288
Harvey JW, Keitt AS (1983) Studies of the efficacy and potential hazards of methylene blue therapy in aniline-induced methaemoglobinaemia. Br J Haematology 54:29–41
Irons RD, Gross EA, White EL (1980) Aniline: evidence for an enterogastric cycle in the rat. Fd Cosmet Toxicol 18:393–397
Jenkins FP, Robinson JA, Gellatly JBM, Salmond GWA (1972) The no-effect dose of aniline in human subjects and a comparison of aniline toxicity in man and the rat. Fd Cosmet Toxicol 10:671–679
Kampffmeyer H, Kiese M (1964) Further factors affecting the hydroxylation of aniline and some of its derivatives by liver microsomes. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol 246:397–412
Kiese M (1963) The effect of certain substituents upon the N-oxidation of aniline in vivo. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol 244:387–404
Kiese M, Weger N (1969) Formation of ferrihaemoglobin with aminophenols in the human for the treatment of cyanide poisoning. Eur J Pharmacol 7:97–105
Kiese N, Uehleke H (1961) Der Ort der N-Oxydation des Anilins im höheren Tier. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol 242:117–129
Lester D (1943) Formation of methaemoglobin. I. Species differences with acetanilide and acetophenetidine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 77:154–159
McLean S, Starmer GA, Thomas J (1969) Methaemoglobin formation by aromatic anilines. J Pharm Pharmacol 21:441–450
Parke DV, Williams RT (1956) Species differences in the o- and p-hydroxylation of aniline. Biochem J 63:12
Smith RP (1969) Significance of methaemoglobinaemia in toxicology. In: Blood FR (ed) Essays in toxicology, vol 1, chapter 3. Academic Press, London
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Eadsforth, C.V., Logan, C.J., Morrison, B.J. et al. 2,4-Difluoroaniline and 4-fluoroaniline exposure: monitoring by methaemoglobin and urine analyses. Int. Arch Occup Environ Heath 54, 223–232 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379051
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379051