Abstract
The structural and mechanical properties of gels formed from biopolymers are discussed both in terms of the techniques used to characterise these systems, and in terms of the systems themselves. The techniques included are spectroscopic, chiroptical and scattering methods, optical and electron microscopy, thermodynamic and kinetic methods and rheological characterisation. The systems considered are presented in order of increasing complexity of secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure, starting with gels which arise from essentially ‘disordered’ biopolymers via formation of ‘quasicrystalline’ junction zones (e.g. gelatin, carrageenans, agarose, alginates etc.), and extending to networks derived from globular and rod-like species (fibrin, globular proteins, caseins, myosin) by a variety of crosslinking mechanisms. Throughout the text, efforts are made to pursue the link (both from experiment and from theory) between the structural methods and mechanical measurements. As far as we are aware this is the first major Review of this area since that of J. D. Ferry in 1948 — The interest shown by polymer physicists in more complex biochemical systems, and the multi-disciplinary approaches now being applied in this area, make the format adopted here, in our opinion, the most logical and appropriate.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Abbreviations
- BST:
-
Blatz, Sharda and Tschoegl (equation)
- CD:
-
circular dichroism
- CSK:
-
Coniglio, Stanley and Klein (theory)
- DCF:
-
density correlation function
- DLVO:
-
Deryjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeck (theory)
- d.s.c.:
-
differential scanning calorimetry
- FRS:
-
forced Rayleigh scattering
- FS:
-
Flory-Stockmayer (theory)
- M/G:
-
mannuronic/galacturonic acid ratio (alginates)
- NMR:
-
nuclear magnetic resonance
- ORD:
-
optical rotatory dispersion
- i.r.:
-
infrared spectroscopy
- QELS:
-
quasi-elastic light scattering
- UV:
-
ultraviolet spectroscopy
- a:
-
generalised front factor
- C:
-
concentration
- C0 :
-
critical gelling concentration
- C*:
-
chain overlap concentration
- C0 :
-
initial concentration
- C1, C2 :
-
Mooney-Rivlin coefficients
- D:
-
Hausdorff dimension
- D:
-
Z-average translational diffusion coefficient
- Dapp :
-
apparent D measured at finite q
- Dm :
-
mutual diffusion coefficient
- Dself :
-
self diffusion coefficient
- DZ :
-
effective diffusion coefficient
- DPn :
-
number average degree of polymerisation
- E:
-
Young's modulus
- f:
-
friction coefficient
- f:
-
functionality
- fw :
-
weight-average functionality
- f1 :
-
fraction of residues in ordered conformation
- g:
-
rubber elasticity front factor
- G:
-
shear modulus
- G′:
-
real part of oscillatory shear modulus
- G″:
-
imaginary part of oscillatory shear modulus
- G*:
-
complex oscillatory shear modulus
- Ge :
-
equilibrium shear modulus
- h:
-
fraction of residues in helical conformation
- hg :
-
value of h at the gel point
- ΔHu :
-
enthalpy of gel melting (Takahishi theory)
- ΔH0 :
-
van't Hoff enthalpy
- J(t):
-
creep compliance at time t
- Je :
-
equilibrium creep compliance
- k:
-
Boltzmann's constant
- ks :
-
Smoluchowski rate constant
- M:
-
molecular weight between crosslinks
- Me :
-
entanglement molecular weight
- Mj :
-
molecular weight of junction zone
- Mos :
-
osmotic modulus
- Mr :
-
relative molecular mass (molecular weight)
- Mw :
-
weight average molecular weight
- M0 :
-
initial molecular weight (coagulation kinetics)
- n:
-
parameter in BST equation
- n:
-
molecularity of junction zones
- Ne :
-
number of elastically active junction zones
- p:
-
axial (length/diameter) ratio for rods
- pB :
-
bond probability (CSK theory)
- q:
-
scattering vector =(4ν/λ) sin (ϑ/2)
- r:
-
molecular weight ratio (Eq. 36)
- R:
-
gas constant
- s:
-
order parameter in helix-coil transition theory
- 〈S2〉Z :
-
Z-average mean square radius of gyration
- t:
-
time
- tg :
-
gel time
- T:
-
absolute temperature
- Tm :
-
helix-coil midpoint temperature
- Tmk :
-
gel melting temperature (°K)
- T2 :
-
transverse relaxation time (NMR)
- Tτ :
-
effective lifetime of temporary crosslinks
- v:
-
extinction probability
- Vmax :
-
maximum rate of enzyme cleavage
- Vmol :
-
volume per mole of primary chains
- \(\bar V_2\) :
-
polymer partial specific volume
- Wg :
-
gel fraction
- x:
-
number of junction zones per primary chain
- α:
-
proportion of reacted functionalities
- αc :
-
critical value of α at the gel point
- [α]:
-
specific optical rotation
- [α]t :
-
value of [α] at time t
- γ:
-
shear strain
- γmax :
-
maximum shear strain
- \(\dot \gamma\) :
-
shear strain rate
- δ:
-
loss angle (tan δ = G″/G′)
- δ:
-
exponent in concentration dependence of modulus
- ε:
-
tensile strain
- εB :
-
tensile strain at failure
- ζ:
-
correlation length
- η:
-
viscosity
- [η]:
-
intrinsic viscosity
- ϑ:
-
scattering angle
- λ:
-
wavelength
- λ:
-
extension ratio
- μ′:
-
constraint release parameter
- ξ:
-
statistical weight (CSK theory)
- π:
-
osmotic pressure
- ϱ(r):
-
density of particles in volume element r from 0
- σ:
-
shear stress
- σ:
-
helix interruption constant
- σt :
-
shear stress at time t
- σT :
-
tensile stress
- σB :
-
tensile stress at failure
- τ:
-
relaxation time
- τ:
-
scaled time in coagulation equation
- φ:
-
proportionality constant in theory of elasticity
- φ:
-
volume fraction
- φg :
-
critical volume fraction for gelation
- φp :
-
volume fraction of rods in Flory theory
- φ *p :
-
critical value of φp
- φs :
-
volume fraction of solvent
- ω:
-
oscillatory frequency
7 References
'Polymer Networks', Adv. Polym. Sci. 44, 1 (1982) (Dušek, K. Ed.)
Brit. Polym. J. 17 (2), 95–250 (1985) (Networks 84 Issue)
Ferry, J. D.: Adv. Protein Chem. 4, 1 (1948)
Bisschops, J.: J. Polym. Sci. 17, 89 (1955)
Agarwal, P. K., Lundberg, R. D.: Macromolecules 17, 1928 (1984)
Atkins, E. D. T., Isaac, D. H., Keller, A.: J. Polym. Sci. (Polymer Physics Ed.) 18, 71 (1980)
Atkins, E. D. T., Hill, M. J., Jarvis, D. A., Keller, A., Sarhene, E., Shapiro, J. S.: Colloid & Polymer Sci. 262, 22 (1984)
Tsuchida, E., Abe, K.: Adv. Polym. Sci. 45, 1 (1982)
Graessley, W. W.: Adv. Polym. Sci. 16, 1 (1974)
Graessley, W. W.: Adv. Polym. Sci. 47, 68 (1982)
Ferry, J. D.: Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers 3rd Edition, John Wiley, New York (N.Y.) 1980
Manson, J. A., Sperling, L. H.: Polymer Blends and Composites, Heyden, London 1976
Jennings, B. R. (Ed.): Electro-Optics and Dielectrics of Macromolecules and Colloids, Plenum Press, New York, 1979
Tsvetkov, V. N., Rjumtsev, E. I., Shtennikova, I. N.: in Liquid Crystalline Order in Polymers (Blumstein, A. Ed.), Academic Press, New York, 1978, p. 43
Gratzer, W. B.: in Poly-α-amino Acids (Fasman, G. D. Ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1967, p. 177
Beychok, S.: in Poly-α-amino Acids (Fasman, G. D. Ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1967, p. 293
Yang, J. T.: in Poly-α-amino Acids (Fasman, G. D. Ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1967, p. 239
Schellman, J. A.: Acc. Chem. Res. 1, 144 (1968)
Rees, D. A.: Pure Appl. Chem. 53, 1 (1981)
Wilson Jr., E. B., Decius, J. C., Cross, P. C.: Molecular Vibrations, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1955
Miyazawa, T., Blout, E. R.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 83, 712 (1961)
Nevskaya, N. A., Chirgadze, Y. N.: Biopolymers 15, 637 (1976)
Chirgadze, Y. N., Nevskaya, N. A.: Biopolymers 15, 607, 627 (1976)
Frushour, B. G., Koenig, J. L.: Biopolymers 13, 1809 (1974)
Bryce, T. A., McKinnon, A. A., Morris, E. R., Rees, D. A., Thom, D. A.: Farad. Discuss. Chem. Soc. 57, 221 (1974)
Ablett, S., Clark, A. H., Rees, D. A.: Macromolecules 15, 597 (1982)
Rochas, C., Rinaudo, M., Vincendon, M.: Biopolymers 19, 2165 (1980)
Rochas, C., Rinaudo, M., Vincendon, M.: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 5, 111 (1983)
Mackie, W., Perez, S., Rizzo, R., Taravel, F., Vignon, M.: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 5, 329 (1983)
Grasdalen, H., Smidsrød, O.: Macromolecules 14, 229 (1981)
Belton, P. S., Morris, V. J., Tanner, S. F.: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 7, 53 (1985)
Ablett, S., Lillford, P. J., Baghdadi, S. M. A., Derbyshire, W.: J. Coil. Interface Sci. 67, 355 (1978)
Maquet, J., Thevenau, H., Djabourov, M., Papon, P.: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 6, 162 (1984)
Burchard, W.: Brit. Polym. J. 17, 154 (1985)
Clark, A. H., Lee-Tuffnell, C. D.: in Functional Properties of Food Macromolecules (Mitchell, J. R., Ledward, D. A. Eds.) Elsevier/Applied Science, Barking U.K., 1986, p. 203
Family, F., Landau, D. P. (Eds.): Kinetics of Aggregation and Gelation, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam 1984
Meakin, P.: Phys. Rev. A 27, 1495 (1983)
Ball, R. C., Nauernberg, M., Witten, T. A.: Phys. Rev. A 29, 2017 (1984)
Witten, T. A., Sander, L. M.: Phys. Rev. B 27, 5686 (1983)
Burchard, W., Thurn, A., Wachenfeld, E.: in Physics of Finely Divided Matter (Boccara, N., Daoud, M. Eds.) Springer Proceedings in Physics Vol. V, Berlin 1985, p. 128; (and Burchard, W.: priv. commun.)
de Gennes, P.-G.: Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics, Cornell University Press, Ithaca (N.Y.), 1979
Munch, J. P., Candau, S. J., Herz, J., Hild, G.: J. Phys. (Paris) 38, 971 (1977)
Hecht, A. M., Geissler, E.: J. Phys. (Paris) 39, 631 (1978)
Candau, S. J., Young, C. Y., Tanaka, T., Lemarechal, P., Bastide, J.: J. Chem. Phys. 70, 4694 (1979)
Candau, S. J., Bastide, J., Delsanti, M.: Adv. Polym. Sci. 44, 27 (1982)
Brown, W., Stilbs, P., Johnsen, R. M.: J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Phys. Ed.) 20, 1771 (1980)
Amis, E. J., Janmey, P. A., Ferry, J. D., Yu, H.: Macromolecules 16, 441 (1983)
Burchard, W., Eisele, M.: Pure Appl. Chem. 56, 1379 (1984)
ter Meer, H.-U., Burchard, W.: in Integration of Fundamental Polymer Science and Technology (Kleintjens, L. A., Lemstra, P. J. Eds.) Elsevier Applied Science, London 1986, p. 230
Schätzel, K.: in Optical Measurements in Fluid Mechanics 1985, (Richards, P. H. Ed.) Inst. Physics Conf. Ser. Vol. 77, Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1985, p. 175
Hervet, H., Leger, L., Rondelez, F.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 1681 (1979)
Chang, T., Yu, H.: Macromolecules 17, 115 (1984)
Morris, V. J., Fancey, K. S.: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 3, 213 (1981)
Wun, K. L., Feke, G. T., Prins, W.: Farad. Discuss. Chem. Soc. 57, 146 (1974)
Feke, G. T., Prins, W.: Macromolecules 7, 527 (1974)
Key, P. Y., Sellen, D. B.: J. Polym. Sci. (Polymer Physics Ed.) 20, 659 (1982)
Saio, K., Kamiya, M., Watanabe, T.: Agric. Biol. Chem. 33, 1301 (1969)
Marshall, S. G., Vaisey, M.: J. Text. Stud. 3, 173 (1972)
Szczesniak, A. S.: J. Text. Stud. 6, 139 (1975)
Peniche-Covas, C. A. L., Dev, S. B., Gordon, M., Judd, M., Kajiwara, K.: Farad. Discuss. Chem. Soc. 57, 165 (1974)
Richardson, R. K., Ross-Murphy, S. B.: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 3, 315 (1981)
Tokita, M., Niki, R., Hikichi, K.: J. Phys. Soc. Japan 53, 480 (1984)
Gordon, M., Roberts, K. R.: Polymer 20, 689 (1979)
Macosko, C. W.: Brit. Polymer J. 17, 239 (1985)
Bibbo, M. A., Valles, E. M.: Macromolecules 17, 360 (1984)
Richardson, R. K., Robinson, G., Ross-Murphy, S. B., Todd, S.: Polymer Bull. 4, 541 (1981)
Djabourov, M., Maquet, J., Theveneau, H., Leblond, J., Papon, P.: Brit. Polymer J. 17, 169 (1985)
Jen, C. J., McIntire, L. V., Bryan, J.: Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 216, 126 (1982)
Jen, C. J., McIntire, L. V.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 801, 410 (1984)
Clark, A. H., Ross-Murphy, S. B.: Brit. Polymer J. 17, 164 (1985)
Clark, A. H., Richardson, R. K., Robinson, G., Ross-Murphy, S. B., Weaver, A. C.: Prog. Food Nutrit. Sci. 6, 149 (1982)
Adam, M., Delsanti, M., Durand, D.: Macromolecules 18, 2285 (1985)
Whorlow, R. W.: Rheological Techniques, Ellis Horwood Chichester, U.K., 1980
Ellis, H. S., Ring, S. G.: Carbohdr. Polym. 5, 201 (1985)
Mitchell, J. R.: in Proc. Int. Workshop on Plant Polysaccharides Structure and Function (Ed. Mercier, C., Rinaudo, M.) INRA/CNRS 1984, p. 93
Morris, E. R., Ross-Murphy, S. B.: Techniques in the Life Sciences, B 310, 1 (1981)
Mooney, M.: J. Polym. Sci. 34, 599 (1959)
Treloar, L. R. G.: The Physics of Rubber Elasticity, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2nd Edition 1970
van den Tempel, M.: J. Colloid Sci. 16, 284 (1961)
Mitchell, J. R., Blanshard, J. M. V.: J. Text. Studies 7, 219; 341 (1976)
Braudo, E. E., Plashcina, I. G., Tolstoguzov, V. B.: Carbohydr. Polym. 4, 23 (1984)
Mitchell, J. R.: J. Text. Studies 11, 315 (1980)
Richardson, R. K., Ross-Murphy, S. B.: Brit. Polym. J. 13, 11 (1981)
Eldridge, J. E., Ferry, J. D.: J. Phys. Chem. 58, 992 (1954)
Bird, R. B., Armstrong, R. C., Hassager, O.: Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids, John Wiley, New York 1977
de Gennes, P.-G.: J. Chem. Phys. 55, 572 (1971)
Doi, M., Edwards, S. F.: J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 74, 1789; 1802; 1818 (1978)
Klein, J., Fletcher, D., Fetters, L. J.: Faraday Symp. Chem. Soc. 18, 159 (1983)
Baxandall, L. G.: Ph. D. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985
Edwards, S. F., Anderson, P. W.: J. Phys. F 6, 1927 (1975)
Flory, P. J.: Trans. Farad. Soc. 56, 722 (1960)
Tschoegl, N. W., Rinde, J. A., Smith, T. L.: Rheologica Acta 9, 223 (1970)
Ross-Murphy, S. B., Todd, S.: Polymer 24, 481 (1983)
Myers, F. S., Wenrick, J. D.: Rubber Chem. Technol. 47, 1213 (1974)
McEvoy, H., Ross-Murphy, S. B., Clark, A. H.: Polymer 26, 1483 (1985)
McEvoy, H., Ross-Murphy, S. B., Clark, A. H.: Polymer 26, 1493 (1985)
Flory, P. J.: Proc. R. Soc. London A 351 (1666), 351 (1976)
Deam, R. T., Edwards, S. F.: Phil. Trans. A 280, 317 (1976)
Mark, J. E.: Adv. Polym. Sci. 44, 1 (1982)
Staverman, A. J.: Adv. Polym. Sci. 44, 73 (1982)
Bailey, E., Mitchell, J. R., Blanshard, J. M. V.: Colloid & Polymer Sci. 255, 856 (1977)
Mooney, M.: J. Appl. Phys. 11, 582 (1940)
Blatz, P. I., Sharda, S. C., Tschoegl, N. W.: Trans. Soc. Rheol. 18, 145 (1976)
Kilian, H.-G., Vilgis, Th.: Colloid & Polym. Sci. 262, 15 (1984)
Doi, M., Kuzuu, N. Y.: J. Polym. Sci. (Polymer Physics Ed.) 18, 409 (1980)
Williams, J. G.: Adv. Polym. Sci. 27, 67 (1978)
Bucknall, C. B.: Adv. Polym. Sci. 27, 121 (1978)
Smith, T. L., in: Rheology Vol V p. 127, Eirich, F. R. ed., Academic Press, New York, 1969
Flory, P. J.: Principles of Polymer Chemistry, Cornell University Press, Ithaca (N.Y.), 1953
Flory, P. J.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 63, 3083, 3091 (1941)
Stockmayer, W. H.: J. Chem. Phys. 11, 45 (1943)
Gordon, M., Ross-Murphy, S. B.: Pure Appl. Chem. 43, 1 (1975)
Godovsky, Y. K.: Adv. Polym. Sci. 76, 31 (1986)
Hermans, J. R.: J. Polym. Sci. Part A. 3, 1859 (1965)
Gordon, M.: in Integration of Fundamental Polymer Science and Technology (Kleintjens, L. A., Lemstra, P. J. Eds.) Elsevier Applied Science, 1986, p. 167
Kilb, R. W.: J. Phys. Chem. 62, 969 (1958)
Dušek, K., Gordon, M., Ross-Murphy, S. B.: Macromolecules 11, 236 (1978)
Mark, J. E., Curro, J. G.: J. Chem. Phys. 79, 5705 (1983)
Mark, J. E., Curro, J. G.: J. Chem. Phys. 81, 6408 (1984)
Johnston, D. E.: J. Dairy. Res. 51, 91 (1984)
Hirai, N.: Bull. Inst. Chem. Res. Kyoto 33, 31 (1955)
Langley, N. R.: Macromolecules 1, 348 (1968)
Oakenfull, D., Scott, A.: J. Food Sci. 49, 1093 (1984)
Oakenfull, D.: J. Food Sci. 49, 1103 (1984)
Stauffer, D., Coniglio, A., Adam, M.: Adv. Polym. Sci. 44, 103 (1982)
Kajiwara, K., Burchard, W., Nerger, D., Dušek, K., Matejka, L., Tuzar, Z.: Makromol. Chem. 185, 2453 (1984)
Mitchell, G. R., Windle, A. H.: Polymer 24, 285 (1983)
Gronski, W., Stadler, R., Maldaner Jacobi, M.: Macromolecules 17, 741 (1984)
Ferry, J. D., Eldridge, J. E.: J. Phys. Chem. 53, 184 (1949)
Llorente, M. A., Mark, J. E.: J. Chem. Phys. 71, 682 (1979)
Walter, A. T.: J. Polym. Sci. 13, 207 (1954)
Watase, M., Nishinari, K.: Polym. Commun. 24, 270 (1983)
Nishinari, K., Koide, S., Ogino, K.: J. Physique 46, 793 (1985)
Hill, T. L.: J. Chem. Phys. 30, 451 (1959)
Poland, D., Scheraga, H. A.: Theory of Helix-coil Transitions in Biopolymers, Academic Press, New York (NY) 1970
Dea, I. C. M., McKinnon, A. A., Rees, D. A.: J. Mol. Biol. 68, 153 (1972)
Clark, A. H., Richardson, R. K., Ross-Murphy, S. B., Stubbs, J. M.: Macromolecules 16, 1367 (1983)
Dušek, K.: J. Polym. Sci.: Part C 39, 83 (1972)
Coniglio, A., Stanley, H. E., Klein, W.: Phys. Rev. B 25, 6805 (1982)
Tanaka, T., Swislow, G., Ohmine, I.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 1556 (1979)
Flory, P. J.: J. Chem. Phys. 17, 223 (1949)
Takahishi, A., Nakumura, T., Kagaura, I.: Polym. J. 3, 207 (1972)
Donovan, J. W.: Biopolymers 18, 263 (1979)
Blumstein, A. (Ed.): Liquid Crystalline Order in Polymers Academic Press, New York, 1978
Doi, M., Edwards, S. F.: J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 74, 560; 918 (1978)
Flory, P. J.: Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 234, 73 (1956)
Warner, M., Flory, P. J.: J. Chem. Phys. 73, 6327 (1980)
Khokhlov, A. R., Semenov, A. N.: Physica 112A, 605 (1982)
Vorob'ev, V. I.: Biorheology 10, 249 (1973)
Cahn, J. W.: J. Chem. Phys. 42, 93 (1965)
Veis, A.: The Macromolecular Chemistry of Gelatin, Academic Press, London, 1964
Boedtker, H., Doty, P.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 78, 4267 (1956)
Eagland, D., Pilling, G., Wheeler, R. G.: Farad. Discuss. Chem. Soc. 57, 181 (1974)
Boedtker, H., Doty, P.: J. Phys. Chem. 58, 968 (1954)
Smith, C. R.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 41, 135 (1919)
Flory, P. J., Weaver, E. S.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 82, 4518 (1960)
Harrington, W. F., von Hippel, P. H.: Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 92, 100 (1961)
Avrami, M.: J. Chem. Phys. 7, 1103 (1939); 8, 212 (1940)
Harrington, W. F., Rao, N. V.: Biochemistry 9, 3714 (1970)
Harrington, W. F., Karr, G. M.: Biochemistry 9, 3725 (1970)
Yuan, L., Veis, A.: Biophys. Chem. 1, 117 (1973)
Titova, E. F., Belavtseva, E. M., Braudo, E. E., Tolstoguzov, V. B.: Colloid & Polym. Sci. 252, 497 (1974)
Tomka, I., Bohonek, J., Spuhler, A., Ribeaud, M.: J. Photograph. Sci. 23, 97 (1975)
Finer, E. G., Franks, F., Phillips, M. C., Suggett, A.: Biopolymers 14, 1995 (1975)
Djabourov, M., Papon, P.: Polymer 24, 537 (1983)
Chatellier, J. Y., Durand, D., Emery, J. R.: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 7, 311 (1985)
Durand, D., Emery, J. R., Chatellier, J. Y.: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 7, 315 (1985)
Godard, P., Biebuyck, J. J., Daumerie, M., Naveau, H., Mercier, J. P.: J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed. 16, 1817 (1978)
Jacobson, H., Stockmayer, W. H.: J. Chem. Phys. 18, 1600 (1950)
te Nijenhuis, K.: Colloid & Polym. Sci. 259, 522 (1981)
te Nijenhuis, K.: Colloid & Polym. Sci. 259, 1017 (1981)
Rees, D. A.: Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 24, 267 (1969)
Anderson, N. S., Campbell, J. W., Harding, M. M., Rees, D. A., Samuel, J. W. B.: J. Mol. Biol. 45, 85 (1969)
Rees, D. A., Scott, W. E., Williamson, F. B.: Nature (London) 227, 390 (1970)
Rees, D. A.: J. Chem. Soc. B., 877 (1970)
McKinnon, A. A., Rees, D. A., Williamson, F. B.: Chem. Comm., 701 (1969)
Jones, R. A., Staples, E. J., Penman, A.: Chem. Comm., 1608 (1973)
Reid, D. S., Bryce, T., Clark, A. H., Rees, D. A.: Farad. Discuss. Chem. Soc. 57, 230 (1974)
Norton, I. T., Goodall, I. T., Morris, E. R., Rees, D. A.: Chem. Comm., 515 (1978)
Norton, I. T., Goodall, D. M., Morris, E. R., Rees, D. A.: J. Chem. Soc. Farad. Trans. 1 79, 2501 (1983)
Norton, I. T., Goodall, D. M., Morris, E. R., Rees, D. A.: J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm., 988 (1979)
Norton, I. T., Goodall, D. M., Morris, E. R., Rees, D. A.: J. Chem. Soc. Farad. Trans. 1 79, 2489 (1983)
Morris, E. R., Rees, D. A., Robinson, G.: J. Mol. Biol. 138, 349 (1980)
Belton, P. S., Chilvers, G. R., Morris, V. J., Tanner, S. F.: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 6, 303 (1984)
Norton, I. T., Goodall, D. M., Morris, E. R., Rees, D. A.: J. Chem. Soc. Farad. Trans. 1 79, 2475 (1983)
Norton, I. T., Morris, E. R., Rees, D. A.: Carbohydr. Res. 134, 89 (1984)
Grasdalen, H., Smidsrød, O.: Macromolecules 14, 1842 (1981)
Smidsrød, O., Andresen, I.-L., Grasdalen, H., Larsen, B., Painter, T.: Carbohydr. Res. 80, C11 (1980)
Smidsrød, O., Grasdalen, H.: Carbohydr. Polymers 2, 270 (1982)
Morris, V. J., Belton, P. S.: J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm., 983 (1980)
Morris, V. J., Chilvers, G. R.: J. Sci. Food Agric. 32, 1235 (1981)
Morris, V. J.: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 4, 155 (1982)
Morris, V. J., Chilvers, G. R.: Carbohdr. Polymers 3, 129 (1983)
Hickson, T. L., Polson, A.: Biochem. Biophys. Acta 165, 43 (1968)
Arnott, S., Fulmer, A., Scott, W. E., Dea, I. C. M., Moorhouse, R., Rees, D. A.: J. Mol. Biol. 90, 269 (1974)
Liang, J. N., Stevens, E. S., Morris, E. R., Rees, D. A.: Biopolymers 18, 327 (1979)
Obrink, B.: J. Chromatog. 37, 329 (1968)
Pines, E., Prins, W.: Macromolecules 6, 888 (1973)
Amsterdam, A., Er-El, Z., Shaltiel, S.: Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 171, 673 (1975)
Laurent, T. C.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 136, 199 (1967)
Hayashi, A., Kinoshita, K., Kuwano, M., Nose, A.: Polymer J. 10, 5 (1978)
Hayashi, A., Kinoshita, K., Yasueda, S.: Polym. J. 12, 447 (1980)
Foord, S. A.: Ph. D. Thesis, University of Bristol, U.K., 1980
Atkins, E. D. T., Isaac, D. H., Keller, A., Miyasaka, K.: J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Phys. Ed.) 15, 211 (1977)
Smidsrød, O.: Farad. Discuss. Chem. Soc. 57, 263 (1974)
Haug, A., Larsen, B., Smidsrød, O.: Acta Chem. Scand. 20, 183 (1966)
Haug, A., Larsen, B., Smidsrød, O.: Acta Chem. Scand. 23, 691 (1967)
Smidsrød, O., Haug, A.: Acta Chem. Scand. 22, 797 (1968)
Smidsrød, O.: Carbohydr. Res. 13, 359 (1970)
Mackie, W., Noy, R., Sellen, D. B.: Biopolymers 19, 1839 (1980)
Whittington, S. G.: Biopolymers 10, 1617 (1971)
Kohn, R., Larsen, B.: Acta Chem. Scand. 26, 2455 (1972)
Kohn, R.: Pure Appl. Chem. 42, 371 (1975)
Atkins, E. D. T., Nieduszynski, I. A., Mackie, W., Parker, K. D., Smolko, E. E.: Biopolymers 12, 1865; 1879 (1973)
Mackie, W.: Biochem. J. 125, 89 (1971)
Morris, E. R., Rees, D. A., Thom, D.: J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm., 245 (1973)
Grant, G. T., Morris, E. R., Rees, D. A., Smith, P. J. C., Thom, D.: FEBS Letts. 32, 195 (1973)
Morris, E. R., Rees, D. A., Thom, D., Boyd, J.: Carbohydr. Res. 66, 145 (1978)
Smidsrød, O., Haug, A.: Acta Chem. Scand. 26, 79 (1972)
Segeren, A. J. M., Boskamp, J. V., van den Tempel, M.: Farad. Discuss. Chem. Soc. 57, 255 (1974)
Nevell, T. P., Zeronian, S. H. (Eds.): Cellulose Chemistry and its Applications, Ellis Horwood, Chichester U.K., 1985
Klug, E. D.: J. Polym. Sci. C 36, 491 1971
Sarkar, E. D.: J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 24, 1073, 1979
Werbowyj, R. S., Gray, D. G.: Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 34, 97, 1976
Laivins, G. V., Gray, D. G.: Macromolecules 18, 1753, 1985
Conio, G., Bianchi, E., Ciferri, A., Tealdi, A., Aden, M. A.: Macromolecules 16, 1264 (1983)
Morris, E. R., Gidley, M. J., Murray, E. J., Powell, D. A., Rees, D. A.: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2, 327 (1980)
Davis, M. A. F., Gidley, M. J., Morris, E. R., Powell, D. A., Rees, D. A.: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2, 330 (1980)
Gidley, M. J., Morris, E. R., Murray, E. J., Powell, D. A., Rees, D. A.: J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm., 990 (1979)
Walkinshaw, M. D., Arnott, S.: J. Mol. Biol. 153, 1055 (1981)
Walkinshaw, M. D., Arnott, S.: J. Mol. Biol. 153, 1075 (1981)
Morris, E. R., Powell, D. A., Gidley, M. J., Rees, D. A.: J. Mol. Biol. 155, 507 (1982)
Powell, D. A., Morris, E. R., Gidley, M. J., Rees, D. A.: J. Mol. Biol. 155, 517 (1982)
Dea, I. C. M., Morrison, A.: Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 31, 241 (1975)
Courtois, J. E., LeDizet, P.: Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol. 52, 15 (1970)
McCleary, B. V., Clark, A. H., Dea, I. C. M., Rees, D. A.: Carbohydr. Res. 139, 237 (1985)
Morris, E. R., Cutler, A. N., Ross-Murphy, S. B., Rees, D. A., Price, J.: Carbohdr. Polym. 1, 5 (1981)
Robinson, G., Ross-Murphy, S. B., Morris, E. R.: Carbohydr. Res. 107, 17 (1982)
Banks, W., Greenwood, C. T.: Starch and its Components, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 1975
Ring, S. G., Stainsby, G.: Proc. Food Nutrit. Sci. 6, 323 (1982)
Miles, M. J., Morris, V. J., Ring, S. G.: Carbohydr. Polym. 4, 73 (1984)
Morris, E. R.: in NATO Adv. Study Inst. Ser. Ser. C. 1978 C50 (Tech. Appl. Fast React. Solution) 1979, p. 379
Ring, S. G.: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 7, 253 (1985)
Sandford, P. A.: Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 36, 265 (1979)
Morris, E. R., Rees, D. A., Young, G., Darke, A.: J. Mol. Biol. 110, 1 (1977)
Norton, I. T., Goodall, D. M., Frangou, S. A., Morris, E. R., Rees, D. A.: J. Mol. Biol. 175, 371 (1984)
Nisbet, B. A., Sutherland, I. W., Bradshaw, I. J., Kerr, M., Morris, E. R., Shepperson, W. A.: Carbohydr. Polym. 4, 377 (1984)
Frangou, S. A., Morris, E. R., Rees, D. A., Richardson, R. K., Ross-Murphy, S. B.: J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Lett. Ed.) 20, 531 (1982)
Morris, V. J., Franklin, D., I'Anson, K.: Carbohydr. Res. 121, 13 (1983)
Brownsey, G. J., Chilvers, G. R., I'Anson, K., Morris, V. J.: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 6, 211 (1984)
Hascall, V. C.: in Biology of Carbohydrates Vol. 1 (Ginsburg, V., Robbins, P. Eds.), John Wiley, New York, 1981, p. 1
Morris, E. R., Rees, D. A., Welsh, E. J.: J. Mol. Biol. 138, 383 (1980)
Welsh, E. J., Rees, D. A., Morris, E. R., Madden, J. K.: J. Mol. Biol. 138, 375 (1980)
Cleland, R. L.: Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 180, 57 (1977)
Allen, A.: Trends. Biochem. Sci. 8, 169, 1983
Elstein, M., Parke, D. V.: Mucus in Health and Disease Plenum Press, New York, 1977; Chantler, E., Elder, J., Elstein, M.: Mucus in Health and Disease II, Plenum Press, New York, 1982
Snary, D., Allen, A., Pain, R. H.: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 40, 844 (1970)
Scawen, M., Allen, A.: Biochem. J. 163, 363 (1977)
Allen, A., Pain, R. H., Snary, D.: Farad. Discuss. Chem. Soc. 57, 210 (1974)
Denton, R., Forsman, W., Hwang, S. H., Litt, M., Miller, C. E.: Amer. Rev. Respiratory Diseases 98, 380 (1968)
Litt, M., Khan, M. A., Wolf, D. P.: Biorheology 13, 37 (1976)
Martin, G. P., Marriott, C., Kellaway, I. W.: Gut 19, 103 (1978)
Bell, A. E., Allen, A., Morris, E. R., Ross-Murphy, S. B.: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 6, 309 (1984)
Bell, A. E., Sellers, L. A., Allen, A., Cunliffe, W. J., Morris, E. R., Ross-Murphy, S. B.: Gastroenterology 88, 269 (1985)
Sellers, L. A.: Ph.D. Thesis, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1985 and to be published
Newlin, T. E., Lovell, S. E., Saunders, P. R., Ferry, J. D.: J. Colloid Sci. 17, 10 (1962)
van den Tempel, M.: in Rheometry-Industrial Applications (Walters, K. Ed.), John Wiley, New York, 1980, p. 179
Ross-Murphy, S. B.: in Biophysical Methods in Food Research — Critical Reports on Applied Chemistry Vol. 5 (Chan, H. W.-S. Ed.) Blackwell, Oxford, U.K., 1984, p. 138
Whitcomb, P. J., Macosko, C. W.: J. Rheol. 22, 493 (1978)
Wissbrun, K. F.: J. Rheol. 25, 619 (1981)
Jansson, P. E., Kenne, L., Lindberg, B.: Carbohydr. Res. 45, 275 (1975)
Milas, M., Rinaudo, M.: Carbohydr. Res. 76, 189 (1979)
Moorhouse, R., Walkinshaw, M. D., Arnott, S.: in Extracellular Microbial Polysaccharides (Sandford, P. A., Laskin, A. Ed.) ACS Symp. Ser. 45, 90 (1977)
Morris, E. R.: in Extracellular Microbial Polysaccharides (Sandford, P. A., Laskin, A. Ed.) ACS Symp. Ser. 45, 81 (1977)
Sato, T., Norisuye, T., Fujita, H.: Polymer J. 16, 341 (1984)
Sato, T., Kojima, S., Norisuye, T., Fujita, H.: Polymer J. 16, 423 (1984)
Paradossi, G., Brant, D. A.: Macromolecules 15, 874 (1982)
Coviello, T., Kajiwara, K., Burchard, W., Dentini, M., Crescenzi, V.: Macromolecules 19, 2826 (1986)
Muller, G., Anrhourrache, M., Lecourtier, J., Chauveteau, G.: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 8, 167 (1986)
Ross-Murphy, S. B., Morris, V. J., Morris, E. R.: Farad. Symp. Chem. Soc. 18, 115 (1983)
Jamieson, A. M., Southwick, J. G., Blackwell, J.: Farad. Symp. Chem. Soc. 18, 131 (1983)
Maret, G., Milas, M., Rinaudo, M.: Polym. Bull. 4, 291 (1981)
Gibbs, D. A., Merrill, E. W., Smith, K. A., Balazs, E. A.: Biopolymers 6, 777 (1968)
Lowey, S.: in Polymerization in Biological Systems CIBA Foundation Symposium, Elsevier-Excerpta Medica North Holland 1972, p. 217
Sattilaro, R. F., Dentler, W. L., Le Cluyse, E. L.: J. Cell Biology 90, 467 (1981)
Hanson, J., Lowy, J.: J. Mol. Biol. 6, 46 (1963)
Kasai, M., Kawashima, H., Oosawa, F.: J. Polym. Sci. 44, 51 (1960)
Maruyama, K., Kaibara, M., Fukada, E.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 371, 20 (1974)
Zaner, K. S., Stossel, T. P.: J. Biol. Chem. 258, 11004 (1983)
Jain, S., Cohen, C.: Macromolecules 14, 759 (1981)
Carlson, F. D., Fraser, A. B.: J. Mol. Biol. 89, 273 (1974)
Fujime, S., Ishiwata, S.: J. Mol. Biol. 62, 251 (1971)
Ishiwata, S., Fujime, S.: J. Mol. Biol. 68, 511 (1972)
Johnson, K. A., Borisy, G. G.: J. Mol. Biol. 117, 1 (1977)
Murphy, D. B., Johnson, K. A., Borisby, G. G.: J. Mol. Biol. 117, 33 (1977)
Mandelkow, E. M., Harmsen, A., Mandelkow, E., Bordas, J.: Nature (London) 287, 595 (1980)
Nelson, R. L., McIntire, L. V., Brinkley, W. R.: J. Cell. Biol. in press
Finch, J. T., Perutz, M. F., Bertles, J. F., Dobler, J.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 718 (1973)
Rosen, L. S., Magdoff-Fairchild, B.: J. Mol. Biol. 183, 565 (1985)
Josephs, R., Jarosch, H. S., Edelstein, S. J.: J. Mol. Biol. 102, 409 (1976)
Dykes, G. W., Crepeau, R. H., Edelstein, S. J.: J. Mol. Biol. 130, 451 (1979)
Miller, W. G., Chakrabarti, S., Seibel, K. M.: in Microdomains in Polymer Solutions (Dubin, P. L. Ed.) Plenum Press, New York, 1985, p. 143
Miller, W. G., Kou, L., Tokyama, K., Voltaggio, V.: J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Sympos.) 65, 91 (1978)
Koltun, W. L., Waugh, D. F., Bear, R. S.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 76, 413 (1954)
Burke, M. J., Rougvie, M. A.: Biochemistry 11, 2435 (1972)
Clark, A. H., Judge, F. J., Richards, J. B., Stubbs, J. M., Suggett, A.: Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 17, 380 (1981)
Clark, A. H., Saunderson, D. H. P., Suggett, A.: Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 17, 353 (1981)
Gratzer, W. B., Beaven, G. H., Rattle, H. W. E., Bradbury, E. M.: Eur. J. Biochem. 3, 276 (1968)
Beaven, G. H., Gratzer, W. B., Davies, H. G.: Eur. J. Biochem. 11, 37 (1969)
Scheraga, H. A., Laskowski, M.: Adv. Protein. Chem. 12, 1 (1957)
Doolittle, R. F.: Adv. Protein Chem. 27, 1 (1973)
Müller, M., Burchard, W.: in Fibrinogen — Recent Biochemical and Medical Aspects (Henschen, A., Graeff, H., Lottspeich, F. Eds.) W. de Gruyter, Berlin, 1982, p. 29
Koppel, G.: Nature (London) 212, 1608 (1966)
Marguerie, G., Pouit, L., Suscillon, M.: Thromb. Res. 3, 675 (1973)
Hall, C. E., Slayter, H. S.: J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 5, 11 (1959)
Stryer, L., Cohen, C., Langridge, R.: Nature (London) 197, 793 (1963)
Roska, F. J., Ferry, J. D., Lin, J. S., Anderegg, J. W.: Biopolymers 21, 1833 (1982)
Bang, N. U.: Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. Suppl. 13, 73 (1964)
Kay, D., Cuddington, B. J.: Brit. J. Haematol. 13, 341 (1967)
Lederer, K., Hammel, R.: Makromol. Chem. 176, 2619 (1975)
Müller, M., Burchard, W.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 537, 208 (1978); Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 3, 71 (1981)
R. C. Williams, Müller, M., Burchard, W.: J. Mol. Biol. 150, 399 (1981)
Bachmann, L., Schmitt-Fumian, W. W., Hammer, R., Lederer, K.: Makromol. Chem. 176, 2603 (1975)
Bailey, K., Astbury, W. J., Rudall, K. M.: Nature (London) 151, 716 (1943)
Burchard, W., Müller, M.: Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2, 225 (1980)
Shah, G. A., Ferguson, I. A., Dhall, T. Z., Dhall, D. P.: Biopolymers 21, 1037 (1982)
Müller, M. F., Ris, H., Ferry, J. D.: J. Mol. Biol. 174, 369 (1984)
Ferry, J. D., Morrison, P. R.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 69, 388 (1947)
Ferry, J. D., Miller, M., Shulman, S.: Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 34, 424 (1951)
Roberts, W. W., Kramer, O., Rosser, R. W., Nestler, F. H. M., Ferry, J. D.: Biophys. Chem. 1, 152 (1974)
Gerth, C., Roberts, W. W., Ferry, J. D.: Biophys. Chem. 2, 208 (1974)
Nelb, G. W., Gerth, C., Ferry, J. D.: Biophys. Chem. 5, 377 (1976)
Nelb, G. W., Kamykowski, G. W., Ferry, J. D.: Biophys. Chem. 13, 15 (1981)
Janmey, P. A., Amis, E. J., Ferry, J. D.: J. Rheol. 27, 135 (1983)
Kinsella, J. E.: CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 1976, p. 219
Astbury, W. J., Dickinson, S., Bailey, K.: Biochem. J. 29, 2351 (1935)
Barbu, E., Joly, M.: Farad. Discuss. Chem. Soc. 13, 77 (1953)
Kratochvil, P., Munk, P., Bartl, P.: Coll. Czech. Chem. Commun. 26, 945 (1961)
Kratochvíl, P., Munk, P., Sedlacék, B.: Coll. Czech. Chem. Commun. 26, 2806 (1961)
Kratochvíl, P., Munk, P., Sedlacék, B.: Coll. Czech. Chem. Commun. 27, 115 (1962)
Kratochvíl, P., Munk, P., Sedlacék, B.: Coll. Czech. Chem. Commun. 27, 788 (1962)
Tombs, M. P.: Proteins as Human Foods (Lawrie, R. A. Ed.) Butterworths, London 1970, p. 126
Clark, A. H., Tuffnell, C. D.: Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 16, 339 (1980)
Hermansson, A. M., Buchheim, W.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 81, 519 (1981)
Bikbov, T. M., Grinberg, V. Ya., Antonov, Yu. A., Tolstoguzov, V. B., Schmandke, H.: Polym. Bull. 1, 865 (1979)
Bikbov, T. M., Grinberg, V. Ya., Schmandke, H., Chaika, T. S., Vaintraub, I. A., Tolstoguzov, V. B.: Colloid & Polymer Sci. 259, 536 (1981)
Hermansson, A.-M.: J. Food. Sci. 47, 1960 (1982)
Joly, M.: A Physico-Chemical Approach to the Denaturation of Proteins, Academic Press, London 1965
Timasheff, S. N., Susi, H., Stevens, L.: J. Biol. Chem. 242, 5467 (1967)
van Kleef, F. S. M., Boskamp, J. V., van den Tempel, M.: Biopolymers 17, 225 (1978)
Payens, T. A. J.: J. Dairy Res. 46, 291 (1979)
Walstra, P.: J. Dairy Res. 46, 317 (1979)
Stothart, P. H., Cebula, D. J.: J. Mol. Biol. 160, 391 (1982)
Heertje, I., Visser, J., Smits, P.: Food Microstructure 4, 267 (1985)
Payens, T. A. J., Wiersma, A. K., Brinkhuis, J.: Biophys. Chem. 6, 253 (1977)
Payens, T. A. J.: Biophys. Chem. 6, 263 (1977)
Payens, T. A. J.: Farad. Discuss. Chem. Soc. 65, 164 (1978)
Payens, T. A. J., Wiersma, A. K.: Biophys. Chem. 11, 137 (1980)
Roefs, S. P. F. M.: Structure of Acid Casein Gels, Thesis, Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands, 1986
von Smoluchowski, M.: Z. Physik. Chem. 92, 129 (1917)
Dalgleish, D. G.: J. Dairy Res. 45, 653 (1979)
Dalgleish, D. G.: Biophys. Chem. 11, 147 (1980)
Dalgleish, D. G.: J. Dairy Res. 47, 231 (1980)
Darling, D. F., van Hooydonk, A. C. M.: J. Dairy. Res. 48, 189 (1981)
Dalgleish, D. G.: J. Dairy. Res. 50, 331 (1983)
Culioli, J., Sherman, P.: J. Text. Studies 9, 257 (1978)
Johnston, D. E.: Milchwissenschaft 39, 405 (1984)
Payens, T. A. J.: Neth. Milk Dairy J. 38, 195 (1984)
van Vliet, T., Walstra, P.: Neth. Milk Dairy J. 39, 115 (1985)
Parker, T. G., Dalgleish, D. G.: J. Dairy Res. 44, 79; 85 (1977)
Parker, T. G., Dalgleish, D. G.: Biopolymers 16, 2533 (1977)
Dalgleish, D. G., Patterson, E., Horne, D. S.: Biophys. Chem. 13, 307 (1981)
Wee, E. L., Miller, W. G.: J. Phys. Chem. 75, 1446 (1971)
Miller, W. G., Wu, L. L., Wee, E. L., Santee, G. L., Rai, J. H., Goebel, K. D.: Pure Appl. Chem. 38, 37 (1974)
Tohyama, K., Miller, W. G.: Nature (London) 289, 813 (1981)
Cahn, J. W., Hilliard, J. E.: J. Chem. Phys. 31, 688 (1959)
Samejima, K., Hashimoto, K., Yasui, T., Fukuzawa, T.: J. Food. Sci. 34, 242 (1969)
Samejima, K.: J. Coll. Dairying 7, 143 (1978)
Ishioroshi, M., Samejima, K., Yasui, T.: J. Food. Sci. 44, 1280 (1979)
Yasui, T., Ishioroshi, M., Nakano, H., Samejima, K.: J. Food Sci. 44, 1201 (1979)
Ishioroshi, M., Samejima, K., Yasui, T.: Agric. Biol. Chem. 47, 2809 (1983)
Wright, D. J., Wilding, P.: J. Sci. Food Agric. 35, 357 (1984)
Samejima, K., Ishioroshi, M., Yasui, T.: Agric. Biol. Chem. 47, 2373 (1983)
Hermansson, A.-M., Harbitz, O., Langton, M.: J. Sci. Food. Agric. 37, 69 (1986)
Samejima, K., Ishioroshi, M., Yasui, T.: J. Food. Sci. 46, 1412 (1981)
Egelansdal, B., Fretheim, K., Harbitz, O.: J. Sci. Food Agric. 37, 944 (1986)
Egelansdal, B., Fretheim, K., Samejima, K.: J. Sci. Food Agric. 37, 915 (1986)
Flory, P. J.: Farad. Discuss. Chem. Soc. 57, 7 (1974)
Stauffer, D.: Phys. Reports 54, 1 (1979)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Springer-Verlag
About this paper
Cite this paper
Clark, A.H., Ross-Murphy, S.B. (1987). Structural and mechanical properties of biopolymer gels. In: Biopolymers. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 83. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0023332
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0023332
Received:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-17779-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-47827-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive