Skip to main content
Log in

A Model of Cause-Effect Relations in the Study of Behavior

  • Published:
The Behavior Analyst Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A three-phase model useful in teaching the analysis of behavior is presented. The model employs a “black box” behavior inventory diagram (BID), with a single output arrow representing behavior and three input arrows representing stimulus field, reversible states, and conditioning history. The first BID describes the organism at Time 1, and the second describes it at Time 2. Separating the two inventory diagrams is a column for the description of the intervening procedure. The model is used as a one-page handout, and students fill in the corresponding empty areas on the sheet as they solve five types of application problems. Instructors can use the BID to shape successive approximations in the accurate use of behavior-analytic vocabulary, conceptual analysis, and applications of behavior-change strategies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York: Holt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashby, W. R. (1956). Introduction to cybernetics. New York: John Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Brunswik, E. (1952). The conceptual framework of psychology. In International encyclopedia of unified science (Vol. 1, No. 10). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hummel, J. H., Kaeck, D. J., & Bowes, R. L. (1994). Diagramming operant processes. The ABA Newsletter, 17 (2), 4–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keister, W., Ritchie, A. E., & Washburn, S. H. (1951). The design of switching circuits. New York: Van Nostrand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, F. S., & Schoenfeld, W. N. (1950). Principles of psychology: A systematic analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malott, R. W, Whaley, D. L., & Malott, M. E. (1993). Elementary principles of behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mechner, F. (1959). A notation system for the description of behavioral procedures. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2, 133–150.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Michael, J. (1982). Distinguishing between discriminative and motivational functions of stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 37, 149–155.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morse, W. H., & Skinner, B. F. (1957). A second type of “superstition” in the pigeon. American Journal of Psychology, 70, 308–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoenfeld, W. N., Cole, B. K., Blaustein, J., Lachter, G. D., Martin, J. M., & Vickery, C. (1972). Stimulus schedules. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B. F. (1948). “Superstition” in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 168–172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snapper, A. G., Kadden, R. M., & Inglis, G. B. (1982). State notation of behavioral procedures. Behavior Research Method and Instrumentation, 14, 329–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, E. C. (1941). Discrimination vs. learning and the schematic sowbug. Psychological Review, 48, 367–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, E. C. (1951). A psychological model. In T. Parsons & E. A. Shils (Eds.), Toward a general theory of action (pp. 239–361). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. B., & Raynor, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, P. J. (1974). A taxonomy of instrumental conditioning. American Psychologist, 29, 584–597.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodworth, R. S. (1918). Dynamic psychology. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chisholm, D.C., Cook, D.A. A Model of Cause-Effect Relations in the Study of Behavior. BEHAV ANALYST 18, 99–111 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392696

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392696

Key words

Navigation