Article PDF
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Wartofsky L, Burman KD. Alterations in Thyroid Function in Patients with Systemic Illness: The “Euthyroid Sick Syndrome”. Endocr Rev 1982, 3: 164–217
Sarne DH, Refetoff S. Measurement of thyroxine uptake from serum by cultured human hepatocytes as an index of thyroid status: reduced thyroxine uptake from serum of patients with nonthyroidal illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985, 61: 1046–52.
Thompson P Jr, Burman KD, Lukes YG, et al. Uremia decreases nuclear 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine receptors in rats. Endocrinology 1980, 107: 1081–4.
Glinoer D. Comment on Dangerous Dogmas in Medicine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84: 2262.
Bacci V, Schussler GC, Kaplan TB. The relationship between serum triiodothyronine and thyrotropin during systemic illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982, 54: 1229–35.
Novitzky D, Human PA, Cooper DK. Effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on myocardial high energy phosphates and lactate after ischemia and cardiopulmonary bypass. An experimental study in baboons. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1988, 96: 600–7.
Yokoyama Y, Novitzky D, Deal MT, Snow TR. Facilitated recovery of cardiac performance by triiodothyronine following a transient ischemic insult. Cardiology 1992, 81: 34–45.
Madsen M, Smeds S, Lennquist S. Relationships between thyroid hormone and catecholamines in experimental trauma. Acta Chir Scand 1986, 152: 413–9.
Clark RE. Cardiopulmonary bypass and thyroid hormone metabolism. Ann Thorac Surg 1993, 56: S35–41; discussion S41–32.
Novitzky D, Cooper, DK, Swanepoel A. Inotropic effect of triiodothyronine (T3) in low cardiac output following car-dioplegic arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass: an initial experience in patients undergoing open heart surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1989, 3: 140–5.
Novitzky D, Cooper DK, Barton CI, et al. Triiodothyronine as an inotropic agent after open heart surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989, 98: 972–977; discussion 977–8.
Bennett-Guerrero E, Jimenez, JL, White, WD, D’Amico EB, Baldwin BI, Schwinn DA. Cardiovascular effects of intravenous triiodothyronine in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. Duke T3 study group. JAMA 1996, 275: 687–92.
Klemperer JD, Klein I, Gomez M, et al. Thyroid hormone treatment after coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 1995, 333: 1522–7.
Mullis-Jansson SL, Argenziano M, Corwin S, et al. A randomized double-blind study of the effect of triiodothyronine on cardiac function and morbidity after coronary bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999, 117: 1128–34.
Zaloga GP, Chernow B, Smallridge RC, et al. A longitudinal evaluation of thyroid function in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 1985, 201: 456–64.
Hamilton MA, Stevenson LW, Fonarow GC, et al. Safety and hemodynamic effects of intravenous triiodothyronine in advanced congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1998, 81: 443–7.
Bergeron GA, Goldsmith R, Schiller NB. Myocardial infarction, severe reversible ischemia, and shock following excess thyroid administration in a woman with norma coronary arteries. Arch Intern Med 1988, 148: 1450–3.
Burman KD, Wartofsky L, Dinterman RE, Kesler P, Wannemacher RW Jr. The effect of T3 and reverse T3 administration on muscle protein catabolism during fasting as measured by 3-methylhistidine excretion. Metabolism 1979, 28: 805–13.
Mariot J, Jacob F, Voltz C, Perrier JF, Strub P. Value of hormonal treatment with triiodothyronine and cortisone in brain dead patients. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1991, 10: 321–8.
Goarin JP, Cohen S, Riou B, et al. The effects of triiodothyronine on hemodynamic status and cardiac function in potential heart donors. Anesth Analg 1996, 83: 41–7.
Little JS. Effect of thyroid hormone supplementation on survival after bacterial infection. Endocrinology 1985, 117: 1431–5.
Chopra IJ, Huang TS, Boado R, Solomon DH, Chua Teco GN. Evidence against benefit from replacement doses of thyroid hormones in nonthyroidal illness (NTI): studies using turpentine oil-injected rat. J Endocrinol Invest 1987, 10: 559–64.
Straub E. Thyroxine treatment in acute renal failure (author’s transl). Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 1975, 123: 723–33.
Chapital AD, Hendrick SR, Lloyd L, and Pieper D. The effects of triiodothyronine augmentation on antithrombin II levels in sepsis. Am Surg 2001, 67: 253–5; discussion 255–6.
Becker RA, Vaughan GM & Ziegler MG. Hypermetabolic low triiodothyronine syndrome of burn injury. Crit Care Med 1982, 10: 870–5.
Chopra IJ. Simultaneous measurement of free thyroxine and free 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine in undiluted serum by direct equilibrium dialysis/radioimmunoassay: Evidence that free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine are normal in many patients with the low triiodothyronine syndrome. Thyroid 1998, 8: 249–57.
Brent GA, Hershman JM. Thyroxine therapy in patients with severe nonthyroidal illnesses and low serum thyroxine concentration. J Clin Endcrinol Metab 1986, 63: 1–8.
DeGroot LJ. Dangerous Dogmas in Medicine: The Nonthyroidal Illness syndrome — Author’s response. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84: 2262–3.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Stathatos, N., Wartofsky, L. The euthyroid sick syndrome: Is there a physiologic rationale for thyroid hormone treatment?. J Endocrinol Invest 26, 1174–1179 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03349153
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03349153