Abstract
When tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants are exposed to toxic level of cadmium (0.2 mM Cd), their trichomes actively excrete crystals (Choi et al., 2001). In this study, we investigated the distribution of Cd and NaCI on trichomes and leaf surfaces. Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis revealed that, under toxic Cd stress, crystals exudated from the trichomes contained high amounts of Ca, Mg, and Cd, as well as low levels of P, S, and Mn. Electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) from trichomes and attached crystals showed that these crystals emitted denser radiation energy for Ca and Cd than did the head cells of the trichomes. However, no Cd was detected on the trichome surface itself or within the leaf epidermis. In contrast, treatment with salt (NaCI) did not stimulate crystal formation; instead, it induced the abnormal expansion of trichome cells. Although Na was not accumulated within the crystals, a considerable amount of both Na and CI was sequestered within the stalk cells of the long trichomes. Therefore, we believe that tobacco trichomes play an important role in Cd crystal exudation through crystallization, but that, under NaCI stress, the long trichomes sequester those elements within their stalks.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Abbreviations
- EDX:
-
energy dispersive x-ray analysis
- VPSEM:
-
variable-pressure scanning electron microscopy
- FESEM:
-
field emission scanning electron microscopy
Literature cited
Agrawal AA (1998) Induced responses to herbivory and increased plant performance. Science 279: 1201–1202
Arisz WH, Camphuis IJ, Hckiens H, van Tooren AJ (1955) The secretion of the salt gland inLimonium latifolium. Acta Bot Neerl 4: 322–326
Bal AR, Dutt SK (1986) Mechanism of salt tolerance in wild rice (Oryza coarcfata Roxb). Plant Soil 92: 399–404
Barroso C, Romero LC, Cejudo FJ, Vega JM, Gotor C (1999) Salt-specific regulation of the cytosolic O-ace-tylserine(thiol)lyase gene fromArabidopsis thaliana is dependent on abscisic acid. Plant Mol Biol 40: 729–736
Choi YE, Harada E, Wada M, Tsuboi H, Morita Y, Kusano T, Sano H (2001) Detoxification of cadmium in tobacco plants: Formation and active excretion of crystals containing cadmium and calcium through trichomes. Planta 213: 45–50
Duffey SS (1986) Plant glandular trichomes: Their partial role in defence against insects,In BE Juniper, TRE South-wood, eds, Insect and the Plant Surface. Edward Arnold, London, pp 151–172
Epstein E (1998) How calcium enhances plant salt tolerance. Science 280: 1906–1907
Felle HH, Hanstein S, Steinmeyer R, Hedrich R (2000) Dynamics of ionic activities in the apoplast of the substomata! cavity of intactVicia faba leaves during stomatal closure evoked by ABA and darkness. Plant J 24: 297–304
Foley RC, Singh KB (1994) Isolation of aVicia faba metal-lothionein-like gene: Expression in foliar trichomes. Plant Mol Biol 26: 435–444
Garcfa-Hemandez M, Murphy A, Taiz L (1998) Metallothio-neins 1 and 2 have distinct but overlapping expression patterns inArabidopsis. Plant Physiol 118: 387–397
Gotor C, Cejudo FJ, Barroso C, Vega JM (1997) Tissue-specific expression of ATCY5-3A, a gene encoding the cytosolic isoform of 0-acetylserine(thiol)lyase inArabidopsis. Plant J 12: 347–352
Gutierrez-Alcala G, Gotor C, Meyer AJ, Fricker M, Vega JM, Romero LC (2000) Glutatione biosynthesis in Arabidopsis trichome cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 11108–11113
Heemann V, Brummer U, Paulsen CH, Seehofer F (1983) Composition of the leaf surfaces gum of someNicotiana species andNicotiana tabacum cultivars. Phytochem 22: 133–135
Jones D, Jones GA, Hagen T, Creech E (1985) Wild species ofNicotiana as a new source of tobacco resistance to the tobacco hornwormManduca sexta. Entomol Exp Appl 38: 157–164
Ko JH, Lee SH (1995) Role of calcium in the osmoregulation under salt stress inDunaliella salina. J Plant Biol 38: 243–250
Kramer U, Grime GW, Smith JAC, Hawes CR, Baker AJM (1997) Micro-PIXE as a technique for studying nickel localization in leaves of the hyperaccumulator plantAlyssum lesbiacum. Nucl Instrum Methods Physics Res B 130: 346–350
Kuboki K, Wada M (1995) The variable pressure SEM with the cooling stage. Hitachi Instrument News 27: 20–25
Kupper H, Lombi E, Zhao FJ, McGrath S (2000) Cellular compartmentation of cadmium and zinc in relation to other elements in the hyperaccumulatorArabidopsis halleri. Planta 212: 75–84
Lavid N, Barkay Z, Tel-Or E (2001) Accumulation of heavy metals in epidermal glands of the waterlily (Nym-phaeceae). Planta 212: 313–322
Liu J, Zhu JK (1998) A calcium sensor homolog required for plant salt tolerance. Science 280: 1943–1945
Luttge U (1971) Structure and function of plant glands. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 22: 23–44
Lynch J, Polito VS, Lauchi A (1989) Salinity stress increases cytoplasmic Ca activity in maize root protoplast. Plant Physiol 90: 1271–1274
McCaskill D, Croteau R (1999) Strategies for bioengineering the development and metabolism of glandular tissues in plants. Nature Biotechnol 17: 31–36
Meyberg M, Krohn S, Brummer B, Kristen U (1991) Ultrastructure and secretion of glandular trichomes of tobacco leaves. Flora 185: 357–363
Murashige T Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassay with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15: 473–497
Rivetta A, Negrini N, Cocucci M (1997) Involvement of Ca2+-calmodulin in Cd2+ toxicity during early phases of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seed germination. Plant Cell Environ 20: 600–608
Salt DE, Rauser WE (1995) MgATP-dependent transport of phytochelatins across the tonoplast of oat roots. Plant Physiol 107: 1293–1301
Wagner GJ (1991) Secreting glandular trichomes: More than just hairs. Plant Physiol 96: 675–679
Zhao FJ, Lombi E, Breedon T, McGrath SP (2000) Zinc hyperaccumulation and cellular distribution inArabidopsis halleri. Plant Cell Environ 23: 507–514
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Choi, YE., Harada, E., Kim, GH. et al. Distribution of elements on tobacco trichomes and leaves under cadmium and sodium stresses. J. Plant Biol. 47, 75–82 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03030635
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03030635