Abstract
A two-step analytical method is developed for the isolation and characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in crude oil contaminated soil. In the first step, those crude oil components were isolated which are easily mobilized with water from the contaminated soil (determination of groundwater pollution potential). In the second step, the fraction containing the remaining crude oil compounds was extracted using toluene. After the cleanup of the fractions, both fractions were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
The HPLC of the toluene extracted fraction shows that along with the sixteen priority pollutants from the US-EPA list, many other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present as well. It is evident from the chromatograms that a significant amount of PAHs are present as is also the case in the fractions eluted by water.
The described method allows the determination of total organic pollutants from crude oil, some of them being potential groundwater contaminants. The major part of the total pollutants could not be mobilized by water and therefore remains in the soil, which was extracted in the second step.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Akhlaq, M.S. (1993): Rapid Group-Type Analysis of Crude Oils Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography. J. Chromatogr.644, 253–258
Akhlaq, M.S.;P. Götze (1994): Detailed analysis of crude oil group types using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A,677 (2) 265–272
Akhlaq, M.S. (1995): Separation and characterization of crude oil compounds from the oil contaminated soil. In: van den Brink, W. J.,Bosman, R. andArendt, F. (Eds.), Contaminated Soil’95. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 483–484
Akhlaq, M.S.;D. Kessel;W. Dornow (1996): Separation and Chemical Characterization of Wetting Crude Oil Compounds. J. Colloid and Interface Sci.180, 309–315
Akhlaq, M.S.;P. Götze;D. Kessel;W. Dornow (1997): Adsorption of crude oil colloids on glass plates: Measurements of contact angles and the factors influencing the glass surface and contact angle readings. Colloids and Surfaces A,126 (1) 25–32
Bundt, J.;W. Herbel;H. Steinhart;S. Franke;W. Francke (1991): Structure-Type Separation of Diesel Fuels by Solid Phase Extraction and Identification of the Two- and Three-Ring Aromatics by Capillary GC-Mass Spectrometry. J. High. Resolution Chromatogr.14, 91–97
DIN. (1991): Deutsche Einheitsverfahren24, 1, Bestimmung von 6 polyzyklischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAK) in Trink- und Mineralwasser mittels HPLC (DIN 38407/8)
Dean, J.R.;I.J. Barnabas;I.A. Fowlis (1995): Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from highly contaminated soils: A comparison between soxhlett, microwave and supercritical fluid extraction techniques. Analytical Proceedings Including Analytical Communications32, 305–308
Dong, M.W.;A. Greenberg (1988): Liquid Chromatographie analysis for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons with diode array detection. J. Liq. Chromatogr.11 (9–10) 1887–1905
Escrivá, C.;M. Morales;A. la Orden;J. Manes;G. Font (1991): Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate matter of Valencia city. Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem.339, 743–745
Geerdink, M.J.;C. Erkelens;J.C. van Dam;J. Frank;K.Ch.A.M. Luyben (1995): Fast screening of contaminated soil samples using thermal desorption mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta315, 159–166
Gremm, T.;F.H. Frimmel (1990): Systematical investigations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon determination with HPLC. Vom Wasser75, 171–182
Harvey, R.D. (Ed.) (1985), in: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Carcinogenesis. ACS Monograph Series No. 283, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1985
Kalberlah, F.;N. Frijus-Plessen;M. Hassauer (1995): Toxikologische Kriterien für die Gefährdungsabschätzung von polyzyklischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAK) in Altlasten. Teil 1 — Verwendung von Äquivalenzfaktoren. Altlasten-Spektrum,4 (5) 231–237
Misfeld, J.;J. Timm (1978): The tumor-producing effect of automobile exhaust condensate and fractions thereof. Part III. Mathematical-statistical evaluation of the test results. J. Environ. Path. Toxicol.1 (6) 747–771
Nirmaier, H.-P.;E. Fischer;A. Meyer;G. Henze (1996): Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. J. Chromatogr. A,730, 169–175
Rivera, L.;M.J.C. Curto;P. Pais;M.T. Galceran;L. Puignou (1996): Solid-phase extraction for the selective isolation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, azaarenes and heterocyclic aromatic amines in charcoal-grilled meat. J. Chromatogr. A,731, 85–94
US-EPA (1982): Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons-Method 610, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, July 1982
Wise, S.A.;L.C. Sander;W.E. May (1993): Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr.642, 329–349
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Akhlaq, M.S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crude oil-contaminated soil: A two-step method for the isolation and characterization of PAHs. Environ. Sci. & Pollut. Res. 4, 217–222 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02986349
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02986349