Summary
1. The genetical and cytological behaviour of three mutants derived fromX 3 generations of irradiated rice seed are described.
2. The semi-sterile mutant was heterozygous and gave rise to plants like the parent, besides normal fertile plants and dwarfs roughly in the proportions 2:1:1. Semi-sterility was found to be due to the association of four chromosomes during meiosis. The commonest configuration involved a chiasma in the homologous regions proximal to the interchange in a pair of chromosomes. This indicates crossing-over of the interchanged segments resulting in chromatid non-disjunction and 50% gametophytic abortion.
3. One of the semi-sterile plants exhibited the presence of two fragments which had no visible effect on the phenotype. The behaviour of the fragments indicated that they suffer rapid elimination during the formation of gametes.
4. The dwarf plants arose only in the progeny of semi-sterile plants while the normal fertile plants bred true. Cytological examination showed that the dwarfs contained the normal complement of chromosomes and the meiosis was regular, resulting in the formation of fertile pollen, although the plant did not set seed. The origin of this mutant is discussed; it is probably due either to a small deficiency or a gene mutation at or near the point of interchange.
5. The two other mutants, “stumpy” and “beaked sterile”, did not breed true to type, and were found to be (2n + 1) types. In the case of “stumpy” a chain of five chromosomes was of frequent occurrence and indicated that the extra chromosome was composed of segments derived from the two non-homologous chromosomes of the haploid set. The other trisomic was of the primary type, the extra chromosome representing the duplication of one of the chromosomes of the haploid set.
6. The cytological basis of reciprocal translocations and its importance in the evolution of species in plants is discussed.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Anderson, E. G. (1935). “Chromosomal interchanges in maize.”Genetics,20, 70–83.
Belar, K. (1928).Die cytologischen Grundlagen der Vererbung. Berlin.
Belling, J. (1914). “On the inheritance of semi-sterility in certain hybrid plants.”Z. indukt. Abstamm. u. VererbLehre,12, 303–42.
—— (1925). “A unique result in certain species crosses.”Z. indukt. Abstamm.- u. VererbLehre,39, 286–8.
Belling &Blakeslee, A. F. (1924). “The configuration and sizes of the chromosomes in the bivalents of 25-chromosomeDaturas.”Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., Wash.,10, 116–20.
—— —— (1926). “On the attachment of non-homologous chromosomes at the reduction division in certain 25-chromosomeDaturas.”Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., Wash.,12, 7–11.
Blakeslee, A. F. (1928). “Genetics ofDatura.”V. Internat. Kongr. Vererb.1, 117–30.
—— (1929). “Cryptic types inDatura.”J. Hered. 20, 177–90.
Blakeslee, A. F. &Cleland, R. E. (1930). “Circle formation inDatura andOenothera.”Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., Wash.,16, 177–83.
Bridges, C. B. (1936). “The ‘bar gene’ a duplication.”Science,83, 210–11.
Burkart, A. (1931). “Investigaciones geneticas sobre una nueva mutacion deDrosophila melanogaster determinante de excepciones hereditarias.”Rev. Fac. Agron. La Plata,2, 393–490.
Burnham, C. R. (1930). “Genetical and cytological studies of semi-sterility and related phenomena in maize.”Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., Wash.,16, 269–77.
—— (1932). “An interchange in maize giving low sterility and chain configurations.”Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., Wash.,18, 434–40.
Catcheside, D. G. (1932). “The chromosomes of a new haploidOenothera.”Cytologia, Tokyo,4, 68–113.
—— (1933). “Chromosome configurations in trisomicOenotheras.”Genetica,15, 177–201.
—— (1935). “X-ray treatment ofOenothera chromosomes.”Genetica,17, 313–41.
—— (1936a). “Biological effects of radiation.”Sci. J.R. Coll. Sci. 6, 71–6.
—— (1936b). “The origin, nature and breeding behaviour of trisomics inOenothera Lamarckiana.”J. Genet. 33, 1–23.
Chizaki, Y. (1934). “Another new haploid plant inTriticum monococcum L.”Bot. Mag., Tokyo,48, 623–8.
Clausen, J. (1931). “Genetic studies inPolemonium. III. Preliminary account of the cytology of species and specific hybrids.”Hereditas, Lund.,15, 62–6.
Cleland, R. E. (1922). “The reduction divisions in the pollen mother cells ofOenothera franciscana.”Amer. J. Bot.9, 391–413.
Cooper, D. C. &Brink, R. A. (1931). “Cytological evidence for segmental interchange between non-homologous chromosomes in Maize.”Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., Wash.,17, 334–8.
Darlington, C. D. (1929a). “Ring formation inOenothera and other genera.”J. Genet.20, 345–63.
—— (1929b). “Chromosome behaviour and structural hybridity in the Tradescantiae.”J. Genet. 21, 207–86.
—— (1931). “Cytological theory of inheritance inOenothera.”J. Genet. 24, 405–74.
—— (1933). “The origin and behaviour of chiasmata. VIII.Secale cereale (n=8).”Cytologia, Tokyo,4, 444–52.
—— (1936a). “External mechanics of chromosomes. III.”Proc. roy. Soc. B,121, 290–300.
—— (1936b). “The limitation of crossing over inOenothera.”J. Genet. 32, 343–52.
-- (1937).Recent Advances in Cytology, 2nd ed. London.
Darlington, C. D. &Thomas, P. T. (1937). “The breakdown of cell divisions in aFestuca-Lolium derivative.”Ann. Bot., Lond., N.S.1, 747–61.
Davie, J. H. (1933). “Cytological studies in the Malvaceae and certain related families.”J. Genet.28, 33–67.
Demerec, M. (1935). “Cytogenetic evolutionary processes and their bearing on evolutionary theory.”Amer. Nat.69, 125–38.
Dobzhansky, Th. (1936). “Position effect on genes.”Biol. Rev.11, 364–84.
Emmens, C. W. (1937). “Salivary gland cytology of roughest inversion and reinversion and roughest.”J. Genet.34, 191–202.
Ford, C. E. (1936). “Non-disjunction inOenothera and the genesis of trisomics.”J. Genet.33, 275–302.
Gairdner, A. E. &Darlington, C. D. (1931). “Ring formation in diploid and polyploidCampanula persicifolia.”Genetica,13, 113–50.
Gager, C. S. &Blakeslee, A. F. (1927). “Chromosome and gene mutations inDatura following exposure to radium rays.”Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., Wash.,13, 75–9.
Gates, R. R. (1908). “A study of reduction inOenothera rubrinervis.”Bot. Gaz.45, 1–21.
—— (1909). “The behaviour of the chromosomes ofOenothera lata × Oe. gigas.”Bot. Gaz. 48, 179.
—— (1912). “Somatic mitosis onOenothera.”Ann. Bot., Lond.,26, 993–1010.
—— (1915). “Heredity and mutation as cell phenomena.”Amer. J. Bot. 2, 519–28.
—— (1930). “Mutation induced by X-rays.”Nature, Lond.,126, 40.
—— (1932). “Nuclear structure.”J.R. micr. Soc. 52, 1–19.
—— (1933). “The general nature of the gene concept.”Nature, Lond.,132, 768.
-- (1938). “The structure of the chromosome.”J.R. micr. Soc. 58, Pt. 2.
Gates, R. R. &Catcheside, D. G. (1931). “Origin of chromosome linkage inOenother.”Nature,128, 637.
Gates, R. R. &Nandi, H. K. (1935). “The cytology of trisomic mutations in a wild species ofOenothera.”Philos. Trans. B,225, 227–54.
Gates, R. R. &Thomas, N. (1914). “A cytological study ofOenothera mut.lata andOe. mut.semilata in relation to mutation.”Quart. J. micr. Sci.59, 523–71.
Gelei, J. (1921). “Weitere Studien über die Oogenese desDendrocoelum lacteum. II. Die Längskonjugation der Chromosomen.”Arch. Zellforsch.16, 88–169.
Goldschmidt, R. (1937). “Spontaneous chromatin rearrangements and the theory of the gene.”Proc. Nat. acad. Sci., Wash.,23, 621–3.
-- (1938). “The theory of the gene.”Sci. Mon., Lond., pp. 268–73.
Goodspeed, T. H. (1923). “A preliminary note on the cytology ofNicotiana species and hybrids.”Svensk Bot. Tidskr.17, 472–8.
—— (1929a). “The effect of X-rays and radium.”J. Hered. 20, 243–59.
—— (1929b). “Cytological and other features of variant plants produced from X-rayed sex cells ofNicotiana tabacum.”Bot. Gaz. 87, 563–82.
—— (1932). “Cytogenetic consequences of treatment ofNicotiana species with X-rays and radium.”Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 26, 147–62.
Goodspeed, T. H. &Avery (1930). “Nature and significance of structural chromosome alterations induced by X-rays and radium.”Cytologia, Tokyo,3, 308–25.
Grüneberg, H. (1937). “The position effect proved by a spontaneous reinversion of theX-chromosome inDrosophila melanogaster.”J. Genet.34, 169–89.
Hakansson (1929). “Chromosomenringe inPisum und ihre mutmassliche genetische Bedeutung.”Hereditas, Lund.,12, 1–10.
—— (1931). “Über Chromosomenverkettung inPisum.”Hereditas, Lund,15, 17–61.
—— (1934). “Chromosomenbindungen in einigen Kreuzungen zwischen halbsterilen Erbsen.”Hereditas, Lund,19, 341–58.
Hammerlund, C. (1923). “Über einen Fall von Koppelung und freier Kombination bei Erbsen.”Hereditas, Lund,4, 235–8.
Hedayetullah, S. (1932). “The genetics and cytology ofOenothera rubricalyx × Oe. eriensis.”J. Genet.26, 179–97.
Horlacher, W. R. &Killough, D. T. (1933). “Progressive mutations induced inGossypium hirsutum by radiations.”Amer. Nat.67, 532–8.
Hughes-Schrader, S. (1924). “Reproduction inAcroschismus Wheeleri Pierce.”J. Morph. Physiol.38, 157–97.
Huskins, C. L. (1937). “The internal structure of chromosomes—a statement of opinion.”Cytologia, Tokyo, Fujii Jub. vol. pp. 1015–22.
Huskins, C. L. &Hunter, A. W. S. (1935). “The effect of X-radiation on chromosomes in the microspores ofTrillium erectum Linn.”Proc. roy. Soc. B,117, 22–33.
Janssens, F. A. (1909). “Spermatogenèse dans les Batraciens. V. La théorie de la chiasmatypie. Nouvelle interprétation des cinèses de maturation.”Cellule,25, 387–411.
—— (1924). “La chiasmatypie dans les insectes.”Cellule,34, 135–9.
Kagawa, F. &Chizaki, Y. (1934). “Cytological studies on the genus hybrids amongTriticum, Secale andAegilops.”Jap. J. Bot.7, 1–32.
Katayama, Y. (1934). “Haploid formation by X-rays inTriticum monococcum.”Cytologia, Tokyo,5, 235–7.
—— (1935). “On a chromosomal variant induced by X-ray treatment inTriticum monococcum.”Proc. imp. Acad. Japan,11, 110–11.
Kuwada, Y. (1910). “A cytological study ofOryza sativa.”Bot. Mag., Tokyo,24, 267–81.
Levan, A. (1933). “Cytological studies inAllium. IV.Allium fittulosum.”Svensk Bot. Tidskr.27, 211–32.
Levitsky, G. A. &Araratian, G. A. (1932). “Transformation of chromosome under the influence of X-rays” (Russian with English summary).Bull. appl. Bot. Genet. Pl. Breed.27 (1), 265–303.
Lutz, A. M. 1916. “Oenothera mutants with diminished chromosomes.”Amer. J. Bot.3, 502–26.
McClintock, B. (1929). “A cytological and genetical study of triploid maize.”Genetics,14, 180–222.
-- (1931a). “Cytological observations of deficiences involving known gene translocations and an inversion inZea Mays.”Res. Bull. Univ. Mo. agric. Exp. Sta. No. 163, pp. 1–30.
—— (1931b). “A cytological demonstration of the location of an interchange between non-homologous chromosomes ofZea Mays.”Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., Wash.,16, 791–6.
Marquardt, H. (1937). “Die Meiosis vonOenothera.”Z. Zellforsch.27, 159–210.
Marshak, A. G. (1935). “The effect of X-rays on chromosomes in different stages of meiosis.”J. gen. Physiol.19, 179–98.
Mather, K. (1934). “The behaviour of meiotic chromosomes after X-radiation.”Hereditas, Lund,20, 303–22.
—— (1937). “The experimental determination of the time of chromosome doubling.”Proc. roy. Soc. B,124, 97–106.
Mather, K. &Stone, L. H. A. (1933). “The effect of X-radiation upon somatic chromosomes.”J. Genet.28, 1–24.
Mol, W. E. de (1930). “Änderung der chromosomen Garnitur durch Röntgen Bestrahlung und Temperaturwirkungen.”Z. indukt. Abstamm.- u. VererbLehre,54, 363–7.
Morgan, T. H.,Bridges, C. B. &Sturtevant, A. H. (1925). “The genetics ofDrosophila.”Bibl. genet. pp. 1–262.
Morinaga, T. &Fukushima (1934). “Cytogenetical studies onOryza sativa L. Studies in the haploid plant inOryza sativa.”Jap. J. Bot.7, 73–106.
Muller, H. J. (1927). “Artificial transmutation of the gene.”Science,66, 84–7.
—— (1928). “The effects of X-radiation on genes and chromosomes.”Science,67, 82.
—— (1930). “Oenothera-like linkage of chromosomes inDrosophila.”J. Genet. 22, 335–57.
Muller, H. J. &Altenburg, E. (1930). “The frequency of translocations produced by X-rays inDrosophila.”Genetics,15, 283–311.
Muller, H. J., Prokofyeva, A. &Raffel, D. (1935). “Minute intergenic rearrangement as a cause of apparent ‘gene mutation’.”Nature, Lond.,135, 253.
Nandi, H. K. (1936). “The chromosome morphology: secondary association and origin of cultivated rice.”J. Genet.33, 315–36.
Navashin, M. (1931). “A preliminary report on some chromosome alteration by X-rays inCrepis.”Amer. Nat.65, 243–52.
—— (1932). “The dislocation hypothesis of evolution of chromosome numbers.”Z. indukt. Abstamm.- u. VererbLehre,63, 224–31.
Navashin, M. &Gerassimova, H. (1936). “Natur und Ursachen der Mutationen, III.”Cytologia, Tokyo,7, 437–65.
Nebel, B. R. (1936). “Chromosome structure and an X-ray experiment.”Genetics,21, 605–14.
Oliver, C. P. (1932). “An analysis of the effects of varying the duration of X-ray treatments upon the frequency of mutations.”Z. indukt. Abstamm.- u. VererbLehre,61, 447–88.
Painter, T. S. &Muller, H. J. (1929). “Parallel cytology and genetics of induced translocations and deletions inDrosophila.”J. Hered.20, 287–98.
Pellew, C. &Sansome, E. R. (1931). “Genetical and cytological studies on the relations between European and Asiatic varieties ofPisum sativum.”J. Genet.25, 25–54.
Peto, F. H. (1935). “Associations of somatic chromosomes induced by heat and chloral hydrate treatments.”Canad. J. Res. C,13, 301–14.
Ramanujam, S. (1937). “Cytological studies in the Oryzae. II. Cytological behaviour of an autotriploid in rice,O. sativa.”J. Genet.35, 223–58.
—— (1938). “Cytological studies inOryzeae L. Chromosome studies in Oryzeae.”Ann. Bot., Lond., N.S.2, 107–25.
Ramiah, K. &Parthasarathy, N. (1938). “X-ray mutations in rice.”Proc. 25th Ind. Sci. Congr. Pt. 3, pp. 212–13.
Ramiah, K.,Parthasarathy, N. &Ramanujam, S. (1934). “Chromosome ring in X-rayed rice.”Proc. Ass. econ. Biol. pp. 1–4.
Randolph, L. F. &McClintock, B. (1926). “Polyploidy inZea Mays L.”Amer. Nat.60, 99–102.
Riley, H. P. (1936). “The effect of X-rays on the chromosomes ofTradescantia gigantea.”Cytologia, Tokyo,7, 131–42.
Ruttle, H. L. (1927). “Chromosome number and morphology inNicotiana. I. The somatic chromosomes and non-disjunction inN. alata var.grandiflora.”Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot.,11, 159–76.
Sakai, K. I. (1935). “Chromosome association inOryza sativa L. I. The secondary associations of the meiotic chromosomes.”Jap. J. Genet.11, 145–56.
Sansome, E. R. (1929). “A chromosome ring inPisum.”Nature, Lond.,124, 578.
—— (1932). “Segmental interchange inPisum.”Cytologia, Tokyo,3, 200–19.
—— (1933). “Segmental interchange inPisum. II.”Cytologia, Tokyo,5, 15–30.
Sax, K. (1930). “Chromosome structure and the mechanism of crossing over.”J. Arnold Arbor.11, 193–220.
Schrader, F. (1932). “Recent hypothesis on the structure of spindles in the light of certain observations in Hemiptera.”Z. wiss. Zool.142, Heft 4, 520–39.
Selim, A. G. (1930). “A cytological study ofOryza sativa.”Cytologia, Tokyo,2, 1–26.
Semmens, C. S. (1937). “A substitute for osmic acid.”Microscope,1, 29–31.
Stadler, L. J. (1931). “The experimental modification of heredity in Crop plants. I. Induced chromosomal irregularities.”Sci. Agric.11, 557–72.
-- (1932). “On the genetic nature of induced mutations in plants.”Proc. 6th Int. Congr. Genet. pp. 274–94.
Stone, L. H. A. (1933). “The effect of X-radiation on the meiotic and mitotic divisions of certain plants.”Ann. Bot., Lond.,41, 815–26.
Stubbe, H. (1933). “Untersuchungen über experimentelle Auslösung von Mutationen beiAntirrhinum majus. IV.”Z. indukt. Abstamm.- VererbLehre,64, 181–204.
Sturtevant, A. H. (1925). “The effect of unequal crossing-over at the bar locus inDrosophila.”Genetics,10, 117–47.
Sutton, E. (1935). “Half-disjunction in an association of four chromosomes inPisum sativum.”Ann. Bot., Lond.,49, 689–98.
Sweet, E. D. (1938). “Chiasmata, crossing-over and mutation inOenothera hybrids.”J. Genet.35, 397–418.
Thompson, W. P. &Thompson, M. G. (1937). “Reciprocal chromosome translocations without semi-sterility.”Cytologia, Tokyo, Fujii Jub. vol. pp. 336–42.
Webber, J. M. (1933). “Cytological features ofNicotiana glutinosa haploids.”J. agric. Res.47, 845–67.
White, M. J. D. (1935). “The effect of X-rays on mitosis in the spermatogonial divisions ofLocusta migratoria L.”Proc. roy. Soc. B,119, 61–84.
—— (1937). “The effect of X-rays on the first meiotic divisions in three species of Orthoptera.”Proc. roy. Soc. B,124, 183–95.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Part I of thesis approved for the Ph.D. Degree of the University of London.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Parthasarathy, N. Cytogenetical studies in Oryzeae and Phalarideae. Journ. of Genetics 37, 1–40 (1938). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982141
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982141