Abstract
Hydrocarbons, alkan-1-ol and alkan-2-ol containing esters, β-diketones, aldehydes, primary alcohols, hydroxy-β-diketones, free fatty acids and sometimes secondary alcohols are major lipid classes of epicuticular waxes on the spikes of the three wild type barley varieties Bonus, Foma and Carlsberg-II and many of the 40eceriferum (cer) mutants examined. Division of the spikes into two parts, the awns and the spike minus awns, before wax isolation reveals that (i) β-diketones, hydroxy-β-diketones and esterified alkan-2-ols occur only on the spike minus awns, (ii) secondary alcohols are present only on the awns of Foma and its mutants and (iii) the other lipid classes are found on both parts of the spike. The chain length distributions of the lipid classes common to both parts of the spike are in some cases similar and in others different.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Armstrong, D. J.: Aspects on the formation and temperature modification of leaf surface wax inBrassica napus L. Ph. D. thesis (Australian National University, Canberra, Australia) 1973
Blomquist, G. J., C. Soliday, B. Byers, J. Brakke, &L. L. Jackson: Cuticular lipids of insects. V. cuticular wax esters of secondary alcohols from the grasshoppersMelanoplus packardii andMelanoplus sanguinipes. Lipids 7: 356–362 (1972)
Blomquist, G. J., &L. L. Jackson: Hydroxylation of n-alkanes to secondary alcohols and their esterification in the grasshopperMelanoplus sanguinipes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 53: 703–708 (1973)
Brown, H. C., &C. P. Garg: A simple procedure for the chromic acid oxidation of alcohols to ketones of high purity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83: 2952–2953 (1961)
Buckner, J. S., &P. E. Kolattukudy: Specific inhibition of alkane synthesis with accumulation of very long chain compounds by dithioerythritol, dithiothreitol, and mercaptoethanol inPisum sativum. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 156: 34–45 (1973)
Dormling, I., Å. Gustafsson, H. R. Jung, &D. vonWettstein: Phytotron cultivation of Svalöf's Bonus barley and its mutant Svalöf's Mari, Hereditas (Lund) 56: 221–237 (1966)
Dormling, I., Å. Gustafsson, &D. vonWettstein: Phytotron cultivation of Bonus barley: The control of maturation and grain quality. Hereditas (Lund) 63: 415–428 (1969)
Giese, B. N.: Effects of light and temperature on the composition of epicuticular wax of barley leaves. Phytochem. 14: 921–929 (1975)
Giese, B. N.: Rales of thecer-j andcer-p loci in determining the epicuticular wax composition on barley seedling leaves. Hereditas (Lund) 82: 137–148 (1976)
Hagberg, A., K. Wiklund, F. Åsander, T. Månsson, &Å. Wiberg: Korn, J. Swedish Seed Association 71: 430–454 (1961)
Hagberg, A., &G. Persson: Svalöfs kornsorter. J. Swedish Seed Association 72: 337–351 (1962)
Hall, D. M., A. I. Matus, J. A. Lamberton, &H. N. Barber: Infraspecific variation in wax on leaf surfaces. Aust. J. biol. Sci. 18: 323–332 (1965)
Hallam, N. D., &T. C. Chambers: The leaf waxes of the genusEucalyptus L'Héritier. Aust. J. Bot. 18: 335–386 (1970)
Iyengar, R., &H. Schlenk: Wax esters of mullet (Mugil cephalus) roe oil. Biochemistry 6: 396–402 (1967)
Jeffree, C. E., E. A. Baker, &P. J. Holloway: Ultrastructure and recrystallization of plant epicuticular waxes. New Phytol. 75: 539–549 (1975)
Kolattukudy, P. E.: Composition of the surface lipids of pea leaves (Pisum sativum). Lipids 5: 398–402 (1970)
Kolattukudy, P. E., &T. J. Liu: Direct evidence for biosynthetic relationships among hydrocarbons, secondary alcohols and ketones inBrassica oleracea. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 41: 1369–1374 (1970)
Kolattukudy, P. E., J. S. Buckner, &T. J. Liu: Biosynthesis of secondary alcohols and ketones from alkanes. Arch. Biochem Biophys. 156: 613–620 (1973)
Lorenzoni, C., &F. Salamini: Glossy mutants of maize. V. Morphology of the epicuticular waxes. Maydica 20: 5–19 (1975)
Lundqvist U., &D. vonWettstein: Induction ofeceriferum mutants in barley by ionizing radiations and chemical mutagens. Hereditas (Lund) 48: 342–362 (1962)
Lundqvist U., &D. vonWettstein: Stock list for theeceriferum mutants II. Barley Genetics Newsletter 3: 110–112 (1973)
Lundqvist, U., &D. vonWettstein: Stock list for theeceriferum mutants III. Barley Genetics Newsletter 5: 88–90 (1975)
Lundqvist, U., P. vonWettstein-Knowles, &D. vonWettstein: Induction ofeceriferum mutants in barley by ionizing radiations and chemical mutagens II. Hereditas (Lund) 59: 473–504 (1968)
Martin, J. T., &B. E. Juniper: The cuticles of plants. Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd. (London, U.K.) 1970
Netting, A. G., &M. J. K. Macey: The composition of ketones and secondary alcohols fromBrassica oleracea waxes. Phytochem. 10: 1917–1920 (1971)
Netting, A. G. &P. vonWettstein-Knowles: The physico-chemical basis of leaf wettability in wheat. Planta (Berl.) 114: 289–309 (1973)
Netting, A. G. &P. vonWettstein-Knowles: Biosynthesis of the β-diketones of barley spike epicuticular wax. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 174: 613–621 (1976)
Nevenzel, J. C., W. Rodegker, &J. F. Mead: The lipids ofRevettus pretiosus muscle and liver. Biochemistry 4: 1589–1594 (1965)
Nicolaides, N., H. C. Fu, &M. N. A. Ansari: Diester waxes in surface lipids of animal skin. Lipids 5: 299–307 (1970)
Purdy, S.J., &E. V. Truter: Constitution of the surface lipid from the leaves ofBrassica oleraceae (car.capitata (Winnigstadt)). I. Isolation and quantitative fractionation. Proc. Roy. Soc. London B. 158: 536–543 (1963)
Purdy, S. J. &E. V. Truter: Constitution of the surface lipid from the leaves ofBrassica oleracea (var.capitata (Winnigstadt)) III. Nonacosane and its derivatives. Proc. Roy. Soc. London B. 158: 553–565 (1963)
Sharkey, A. G., J. L. Schultz, &R. A. Riedel: Mass spectra of ketones. Anal. Chem. 28: 934–940 (1956)
Tulloch, A. P.: Diesters of diols in wheat leaf wax. Lipids 6: 641–644 (1971)
Tulloch, A. P. &L. L. Hoffman: Epicuticular wax ofAgropyron intermedium. Phytochem. 15: 1145–1151 (1976)
Wettstein, D. von: The phytotron in Stockholm. Studia Forest. Suecica 44: 1–23 (1967)
Wettstein-Knowles, P. von: The molecular phenotypes of theeceriferum mutants.In: Proc. 2nd. Int. Barley Genet. Symp. (1969) R. A. Nilan, ed., Pullman, Wash., USA, Washington State Univ. Press, pp. 146–193 (1971)
Wettstein-Knowles, P. von: Genetic control of β-diketone and hydroxy-β-diketone synthesis in epicuticular waxes of barley. Planta (Berl.) 106: 113–130 (1972)
Wettstein-Knowles, P. von: Gene mutation in barley inhibiting the production and use of C26 chains in epicuticular was formation. FEBS Letters 42: 187–191 (1974)
Wettstein-Knowles, P. von: Ultrastructure and origin of epicuticular wax tubes. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 46: 483–498 (1974)
Wettstein-Knowles, P. von: Biosynthetic relationships between β-diketones and esterified alkan-2-ols deduced from epicuticular wax of barley mutants. Molec. gen. Genet. 144: 43–48 (1976)
Wettstein-Knowles, P. von &J. D. Mikkelsen: Effect of inhibitors on the synthesis of β-diketones, hydrocarbons and esterified alkan-2-ols in barley spike epicuticular wax. Abst. Symposium on Lipids and Lipid Polymers in Higher Plants. Karlsruhe, Germany pp. 05–106 (1976)
Wettstein-Knowles, P. von &A. G. Netting: Esterified alkan-1-ols and alkan-2-ols in barley epicuticular wax, Lipids 11: 478–484 (1976)
Wollrab, V.: Secondary alcohols and paraffins in the plant waxes of the familyRosaceae. Phytochem. 8: 623–627 (1969)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wettstein-Knowles, P., Netting, A.G. Composition of epicuticular waxes on barley spikes. Carlsberg Res. Commun. 41, 225 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02906259
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02906259