Abstract
The genetic base of the Tuberosum germplasm pool is believed to be quite narrow. To broaden it, the Cornell potato breeding program has been adapting to North American conditions a population based on Andigena introductions made in the 1960’s. The adapted population has been termed ‘Neo-Tuberosum’. When individuals from the early Andigena population were used as males in crosses to Tuberosum, most of the offspring were male sterile. This did not occur in the reciprocals. In the transformation of this population from Andigena to Neo-Tuberosum, significant unexpected changes occurred in its ability to induce this cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS).
Various Tuberosum X Neo-Tuberosum progenies had much greater male fertility than Tuberosum X Andigena progenies. CMS effects were absent in some progenies. This may have resulted from improved expression of restorer genes that counteract the CMS effects. There may be very few restorer genes, or only one acting in a dominant way, but they appear to need an appropriate genetic background, additively controlled, to be expressed.
This increase in reproductive ability of Tuberosum-Neo-Tuberosum progenies over Tuberosum-Andigena progenies occurred at a fairly constant rate with each cycle of selection for tuberization under long days. This would indicate pleiotropic or linkage effects among genes controlling tuberization and modifier genes for fertility restoration. High levels of male fertility within those hybrid progenies, similar to those expected with intra-Tuberosum crosses were attained by the 5th cycle of selection. Approximately at this generation, tuberization ability and tuber appearance of this Neo-Tuberosum population resembled Tuberosum more than Andigena.
High levels of fertility and flowering ability occur in the Neo-Tuberosum population itself, evidence that an enhancement of tuberization does not impair reproductive ability. By selecting appropriate Neo-Tuberosum clones, hybrids with selected Tuberosum clones and cultivars could be made at the 4x level and haploids could be derived to make crosses at the 2x level. Progenies from these hybrids have the advantage of the broader genetic base of the Neo-Tuberosum population while avoiding most of the unwanted CMS effects.
Compendio
Durante el desarrollo de dos poblaciones de Neo-Tuberosum en Cornell, a partir de varias introducciones de Andigena, cambios significativos fueron puestos de manifiesto en la población mejorada, en factores que inducen macho esterilidad citoplásmica. Varias progenies a partir de cruces de Neo-Tuberosum sobre Tuberosum mostraron niveles de fertilidad masculina varias veces más grande que cuando las introducciones originales de Andigena fueron usadas como padres polinizadores. Además, el grado de floración fue correspondientemente incrementado. Se pudo demostrar que seleccionando clones particulares de Neo-Tuberosum a través de tests de progenie, los efectos de la macho esterilidad citoplásmica pueden ser completamente anulados en híbridos interespecíficos con Tuberosum. Una explicación probable para este incremento en los niveles de fertilidad masculina en las progenies de Neo-Tuberosum puede ser la expresión mejorada de genes restauradores de la fertilidad los cuales contrarrestan los efectos de macho esterilidad citoplásmica. Estos genes restauradores pueden ser muy pocos, tal vez sólo uno actuando en forma dominante. Sin embargo, para ser expresados estos genes parecen requerir un background genético apropiado el cual es controlado aditivamente.
Este incremento en la habilidad reproductiva de las progenies Tuberosum-Neo-Tuberosum sobre las progenies Tuberosum-Andigena ocurrió a una tasa bastante constante con cada ciclo de selección para tuberización para días largos. Esto indicaría efectos pleiotrópicos o de ligamiento entre genes que controlan la tuberización y genes modificadores para restaurar la fertilidad. Altos niveles de fertilidad masculina dentro de estas progenies híbridas, similar a aquellas esperadas con cruces intra-Tuberosum, fueron alcanzados por el quinto ciclo de selección para tuberización de la población de Neo-Tuberosum. Aproximadamente en esta generación, la habilidad de tuberización y la apariencia de los tubérculos de esta población de Neo-Tuberosum semejaban más a Tuberosum que a Andigena.
Los altos niveles de fertilidad y de habilidad de floración en la población de Neo-Tuberosum y en sus progenies híbridas, dio evidencia de que un mejoramiento en la tuberización no perjudica la capacidad reproductiva. A través de seleccionar clones Neo-Tuberosum apropiados, se podrían producir híbridos al nivel 2x y 4x con clones y cultivares Tuberosum seleccionados. Las progenies de estos híbridos tendrian la ventaja de la base genética más amplia y al mismo tiempo evitando la mayoría de los efectos no deseados de esterilidad citoplásmica.
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Paper No. 748. Dept. of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. This research was supported by a contract between Cornell University and the International Potato Center, Lima, Peru.
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Vilaró, F.L., Plaisted, R.L. & Hoopes, R.W. Comparison of cytoplasmic male sterilities in progenies of Tuberosum × Andigena and Tuberosum × Neo-Tuberosum crosses. American Potato Journal 66, 13–24 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02853485
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02853485