Abstract
The affiliative interactions of 11 adult female Japanese macaques that did not deliver an infant during the 1981 birth season of the Arashiyama West troop were examined. Consideration was given to the effects of kinship as a structuring element in these birth-season interactions and to the degree of association with various categories of troop members based on age, sex, and (in the case of adult females) whether or not the females were new mothers. Females without infants interacted predominantly with their yearling off-spring, although it was the behavior of the offspring that precipitated the interaction. These females were active in soliciting affiliation with nonkin new mothers, whereas female matrilineal relatives with new infants approached and remained in proximity to them more than did nonrelated new mothers. Females without newborns groomed and approached nonkin infants more than infants within their own matriline, and these infants were predominantly those of females in the highest-ranking matriline of the troop. Adult males were responsible for 40% of all grooming received from nonkin by the females without newborns, and these males approached them significantly more than did other adult females without infants. These patterns demonstrate that the structure of social relationships is influenced by the particular dynamics of troop contexts such as birth seasons, as well as by enduring, broad-based affinities which are less affected by cyclic changes in troop context.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Altmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods.Behaviour 49: 227–267.
Altmann, J. (1980).Baboon Mothers and Infants, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Berman, C. M. (1978). Analysis of mother-infant interactions in groups: Possible influences of yearling siblings. In Chivers, D. J., and Herbert, J. (eds.).Recent Advances in Primatology, Academic Press, London, pp. 111–113.
Berman, C. M. (1982a). The ontogeny of social relationships with group companions among free-ranging infant rhesus monkeys. I. Social networks and differentiation.Anim. Behav. 30: 149–162.
Berman, C. M. (1982b). The ontogeny of social relationships with group companions among free-ranging infant rhesus monkeys. II. Differentiation and attractiveness.Anim. Behav. 30: 163–170.
Bernstein, I. S. (1983). Research in a breeding colony. In Dukelow, W. R. (ed.),Nonhuman Primate Models for Human Disease, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla, pp. 107–129.
Breuggeman, J. A. (1973). Parental care in a group of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto).Folia primatol. 20: 178–210.
Chapais, B., and Schulman, S. (1980). An evolutionary model of female dominance relations in primates.J. theor. Biol. 82: 47–89.
Cheney, D. L. (1977). The acquisition of rank and the development of reciprocal alliances among free-ranging immature baboons.Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.2: 303–318.
Cheney, D. L. (1978). Interactions of immature male and female baboons with adult females.Anim. Behav. 26: 389–408.
Cheney, D. L. (1983). Extrafamilial alliances among vervet monkeys. In Hinde, R. A. (ed.),Primate Social Relationships, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass, pp. 278–286.
Dittus, W. P. J. (1975). Population dynamics of the Toque monkey,Macaca sinica. In Tuttle, R. H. (ed.),Socioecology and Psychology of Primates, Mouton, The Hague, pp. 125–151.
Drickamer, L. C. (1974). A ten-year summary of reproductive data for free rangingMacaca mulatto.Folia primatol. 21: 61–80.
Dunn, J., and Kendrick, C. (1980). The arrival of a sibling: Changes in patterns of interaction between mother and first born child.J. Child Psychol. Psychiat. 21: 119–132.
Ehardt, C. L., and Blount, B. G. (1984), Mother-infant visual interaction in Japanese macaques.Dev. Psychobiol. 17: 391–405.
Fedigan, L. M. (1982).Primate Paradigms: Sex Roles and Social Bonds, Eden Press, Montreal.
Gouzoules, H. (1980).Biosocial Determinants of Behavioral Variability in Infant Japanese Monkeys (Macaca fuscata), Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Gouzoules, H., and Goy, R. W. (1983). Physiological and social influences on mounting behavior of troop-living female monkeys (Macaca fuscata).Am. J. Primatol. 5: 39–49.
Grewal, B. S. (1980). Social relationships between adult central males and kinship groups of Japanese macaques at Arashiyama with some aspects of troop organization.Primates 21: 161–180.
Hinde, R. A. (ed.) (1983).Primate Social Relationships, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass.
Hinde, R. A., and Atkinson, S. (1970). Assessing the roles of social partners in maintaining mutual proximity, as exemplified by mother-infant relations in rhesus monkeys.Anim. Behav. 18: 169–176.
Hinde, R. A., and Spencer-Booth, Y. (1967). The behaviour of socially living rhesus monkeys in their first two and a half years.Anim. Behav. 15: 169–196.
Hooley, J. M., and Simpson, M. J. A. (1983). Influence of siblings on the infant’s relationships with the mother and others. In Hinde, R. A. (ed.),Primate Social Relationships, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass, pp. 139–142.
Hrdy, S. B. (1976). Care and exploitation of nonhuman primate infants by conspecifics other than the mother. In Rosenblatt, J. S., Hinde, R. A., Shaw, E., and Beer, C. (eds.),Advances in the Study of Behavior, Vol. 6, Academic Press, London, pp. 101–158.
Itani, J. (1959). Paternal care in the wild Japanese monkey,Macaca fuscata fuscata.Primates 2: 61–94.
Kaufman, J. H. (1965). A three-year study of mating behavior in a free-ranging band of rhesus monkeys.Ecology 46: 500–512.
Kawai, M. (1958). On the rank system in a natural group of Japanese monkeys.Primates 1: 111–148.
Kawamura, S. (1958). Matriarchal social ranks in the Minoo-B troop: A study of the rank system of Japanese monkeys. Trans. K. Ozaki. In Imanishi, K., and Altmann, S. (eds.),Japanese Monkeys: A Collection of Translations, published by the editors, pp. 105–112.
Koyama, N. (1967). On dominance rank and kinship of a wild Japanese monkey troop in Arashiyama.Primates 8: 189–216.
Koyama, N. (1970). Changes in dominance rank and division of a wild Japanese monkey troop at Arashiyama.Primates 11: 335–390.
Kurland, J. A. (1977). Kin selection in the Japanese monkey.Contributions to Primatology, Vol. 12, Karger, Basel.
Lancaster, J. (1971). Play mothering: The relations between juvenile females and young infants among free-ranging vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).Folia primatol. 15: 161–182.
Massey, A. (1977). Agonistic aids and kinship in a group of pigtail macaques.Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 2: 31–40.
McKenna, J. J. (1979). Aspects of infant socialization, attachment, and maternal caregiving patterns among primates: A cross-disciplinary review.Yb. Phys. Anthrop. 22: 250–286.
Rowell, T. E., Din, N. A., and Omar, A. (1968). The social development of baboons in their first three months.J. Zool. (London) 155: 461–483.
Scheffe, H. (1959).The Analysis of Variance, Wiley, New York.
Seyfarth, R. M. (1976). Social relationships among adult female baboons.Anim. Behav. 24: 917–938.
Siegel, S. (1956).Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Silk, J. B. (1981).Social Behavior of Female Macaca radiata:The Influence of Kinship and Rank on Cooperation and Competition, Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Davis.
Small, M. F. (1980).Females Without Infants: A Comparison of Captive Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)and Bonnet Macaques (Macaca radiata), Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Davis.
Small, M. F. (1982). A comparison of mother and ncnmother behaviors during birth season in two species of captive macaques.Folia primatol. 38: 99–107.
Small, M. F. (1983). Females without infants: Mating strategies in two species of captive macaques.Folia primatol. 40: 125–133.
Smuts, B. B. (1982).Special Relationships Between Adult Male and Female Olive Baboons (Papio anubis), Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif.
Sugiyama, Y. (1965). Behavioral development and social structure in two troops of hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus).Primates 6: 213–247.
Tanaka, T., Kisaburo, T., and Kotera, S. (1970). Effects of infant loss on the interbirth interval of Japanese monkeys.Primates 11: 113–117.
Wilson, M. E., Gordon, T. P., and Bernstein, I. S. (1978). Timing of births and reproductive success in rhesus monkey social groups.J. med. Primatol. 7: 202–212.
Yamada, M. (1963). A study of blood relationships in the natural society of the Japanese monkey.Primates 4: 43–65.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ehardt, C.L. Birth-season interactions of adult female Japanese Macaques(Macaca fuscata) without newborn infants. Int J Primatol 8, 245–259 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02735175
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02735175