Abstract
Equilibrium distribution measurements of As, Sb, and Bi between molten copper and white metal were conducted at 1473 K using a static system. The results of this investigation have been used to evaluate the activity of those elements in white metal, and the results are compared to other data in the literature. An empirical model is presented and used to correlate the activity of As and Sb in matte as a function of the number of vacant electronegative sites in the matte, VS, and a parameter, ψ, used to represent the strength of the bond between Fe and the minor element in comparison to that which occurs with Cu. The activity coefficients of As and Sb in matte were found to be represented by the following equations:
where VS =X s + XMe - Xcu/2 −, ψXFe, Me = As or Sb and
Psi approaches unity in white metal to 0.94 and 0.93 for As and Sb, respectively, at a Cu/Fe ratio of 2.5. The above equations can only be applied to copper-rich mattes deficient in sulfur. At Cu/Fe ratios below 2.5, the physicochemical character of the matte changes as the FeS molecules become the predominant species in the matte. In analyzing the data, it was necessary to evaluate the interaction parameters ⃛As s,p As d, and PAs s,As, which have been found to have values of 11.7, -27.4, and 11.6, respectively.
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Lynch, D.C., Akagi, S. & Davenport, W.G. Thermochemical nature of minor elements in copper smelting mattes. Metall Trans B 22, 677–688 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02679024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02679024