Abstract
Three high-temperature bainitic alloy steels were evaluated in the laboratory to determine the effects of Mn, Si, and impurities (i.e., S, P, Sn, As, and Sb) on microstructure and mechanical properties. The alloy steels were 3.5NiCrMoV and CrMoV, which are used for turbine rotors, and 2.25Cr-1Mo, which is used in pressure vessel applications. The important effects of Mn, Si, and impurities, which should control the design of these high-temperature bainitic steels, are presented. Key results are used to illustrate the influence of these variables on cleanliness, overheating, austenitizing, hardenability, tempering, ductility, toughness, temper embrittlement, creep rupture, and low-cycle fatigue. Low levels of Mn, Si, and impurities not only result in improved temper embrittlement resistance in these steels but also lead to an improvement in creep rupture properties (i.e., improved strength and ductility). These results have produced some general guidelines for the design of high-temperature bainitic steels. Examples illustrating the implementation of the results and the effectiveness of the design guidelines are provided. Largely based on the benefits shown by this work, a high-purity 3.5NiCrMoV steel, which is essentially free of Mn, Si, and impurities, has been developed and is already being used commercially.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
W. Steven and K. Balajiva:J. Iron Steel Inst., 1959, vol. 193, pp. 141–47.
L. F. Porter, G. C. Carter, and S. J. Manganello: inTemper Embrittlement in Steel, ASTM STP 407, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1968, pp. 20–45.
G. C. Gould: inTemper Embrittlement in Steel, ASTM STP 407, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1968, pp. 59–73.
P. Opel, C. Florin, F. Hochstein, and K. Fischer:Stahl Eisen, 1970, vol. 90, pp. 465–75.
R. Bruscato:Weld. J., 1970, vol. 49, pp. 148s-56s.
A. Joshi, P. W. Palmberg, and D. F. Stein:Metall. Trans. A, 1975, vol. 6A, pp. 2160–61.
P. E. Reynolds, J. H. Reynolds, and D. Dulieu: inProc. 7th Int. Forging Conf., Paris, 1975, paper no. 11, pp. 1–18.
C. L. Briant, H. C. Feng, and C. J. McMahon:Metall. Trans. A, 1978, vol. 9A, pp. 625–33.
I. Olefjord:Int. Metals Rev., 1978, vol. 23 (4), pp. 149–63.
J. Yu and C. J. McMahon, Jr.:Metall. Trans. A, 1980, vol. 11A, pp. 291–300.
C. J. McMahon, Jr., S. Takayama, T. Ogura, S.-C. Fu, J. C. Murza, W. R. Graham, A. C. Yen, and R. DiDio: EPRI Report NP-1501, Sept. 1980.
J. C. Murza and C. J. McMahon, Jr.:J. Eng. Mater. Tech., Trans. ASME, 1980, vol. 102, pp. 369–75.
J. F. Smith:Acta Metall., 1980, vol. 28, pp. 1555–64.
P. E. Reynolds, J. H. Reynolds, and D. Dulieu: inProc. 9th Int. Forging Conf., Düsseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany, 1981, pp. 2.4.1–2.4.27.
Y. Takeda and C. J. McMahon, Jr.:Metall. Trans. A, 1982, vol. 13A, pp. 111–16.
R. Viswanathan and R. I. Jaffee:J. Eng. Mater. Tech., Trans. ASME, 1982, vol. 104, pp. 220–26.
J. F. Smith, J. H. Reynolds, and H. N. Southworth:Metal Sci., 1982, vol. 16, pp. 431–34.
C. J. McMahon, Jr., J. C. Murza, and D. H. Gentner:J. Eng. Mater. Tech., Trans. ASME, 1982, vol. 104, pp. 241–48.
C. L. Briant and S. K. Banerji: inTreatise on Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 25, Embrittlement of Engineering Alloys, C. L. Briant and S. K. Banerji, eds., Academic Press, New York, NY, 1983, pp. 21–58.
Q. Zhe, Y. Q. Weng, S.-C. Fu, and C. J. McMahon, Jr: EPRI Report CS-3248, Nov. 1983.
R. I. Jaffee:Metall. Trans. A, 1986, vol. 17A, pp. 755–75.
R. L. Bodnar and R. F. Cappellini: inMicon 86: Optimization of Processing, Properties, and Service Performance Through Microstructural Control, ASTM STP 979, B. L. Bramfitt, R. C. Benn, C. R. Brinkman, and G. F. Vander Voort, eds., ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1988, pp. 47–82.
S. Tanimoto, I. Kitagawa, and S. Watanabe: inAdvances in Material Technology for Fossil Power Plants, R. Viswanathan and R. I. Jaffee, eds., ASM INTERNATIONAL, Metals Park, OH, 1987, pp. 89–96.
Weng Yu-qing and C. J. McMahon, Jr.:Proc. 4th JIM Int. Symp. on Grain Boundary Structure and Related Phenomena, Minakami, Gunma Prefecture, Japan, Nov. 25–29, 1985, printed inSuppl. to Trans. JIM, 1986, vol. 27, pp. 579–85.
H. J. Grabke, K. Hennesen, R. Möller, and W. Wei:Scripta Metall., 1987, vol. 21, pp. 1329–34.
J. Watanabe and Y. Murakami: American Petroleum Institute, 1981, preprint no. 28–81, pp. 216–24.
R. A. Swift: inApplications of 2-1/4Cr-1Mo Steel for Thick-Wall Pressure Vessels, ASTM STP 755, G. S. Sangdahl and M. Semchyshen, eds., ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1982, pp. 166–88.
T. Sekine, Y. Kusuhara, N. Ohashi, S. Ueda, S. Sato, T. Enami, and S. Sato: Kawasaki Steel Corporation Report, May 1980.
B. J. Shaw: presented at the 46th Midyear Rejoining Meeting of the American Petroleum Institute, Chicago, IL, May 1981, preprint no. 29–81.
G. E. Danner and E. Dyble:Metal Progress 1961, vol. 79, pp. 75–78.
J. Comon: inProc. 6th Int. Forging Conf., Cherry Hill, NJ, 1972, pp. 1–18.
S. Sawada, K. Suzuki, and J. Watanabe: inProc. 98th Winter Annual Meeting, ASME, New York, NY, 1977, pp. 89–106.
T. Fujii, D. R. Poirier, and M. C. Flemings:Metall. Trans. B, 1979, vol. 10B, pp. 331–39.
J. Menglong:Iron and Steel, 1979, vol. 14 (6), pp. 13–21 (BISI Translation 1981).
K. Suzuki and K. Taniguchi:Trans. ISIJ, 1981, vol. 21, pp. 235–42.
A. Suzuki: in EPRI WS-79-235, Sept. 1981, pp. 4-95-4-103.
S. Sawada and S. Kawaguchi: in EPRI WS-79-235, Sept. 1981, pp. 5-1–5-14.
H. Yamada, T. Sakurai, T. Takenouchi, and K. Suzuki: TMS-AIME Paper No. A82-30, 1982, pp. 1–5.
J. J. Moore and N. A. Shah:Int. Metals Rev., 1983, vol. 28 (6), pp. 338–56.
J. T. Kim, M. R. Pyo, Y. S. Chang, and H. S. Chang: inSteel Forgings, ASTM STP 903, E. G. Nisbett and A. S. Melilli, eds., ASTM, Phildelphia, PA, 1986, pp. 45–56.
V. P. Swaminathan, R. I. Jaffee, and J. E. Steiner: inSteel Forgings, ASTM STP 903, E. G. Nisbett and A. S. Melilli, eds., ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1986, pp. 124–42.
J. E. Steiner, P. E. Busby, R. I. Jaffee, E. L. Murphy, D. L. Newhouse, and H. A. Wriedt: EPRI Report RD-3336, Dec. 1983.
J. E. Steiner and R. I. Jaffee: inSteel Forgings, ASTM STP 903, E. G. Nisbett and A. S. Melilli, eds., ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1986, pp. 35–44.
T. Ohhashi, R. L. Bodnar, H. S. Reemsnyder, and R. E. Steigerwalt: EPRI Report NP-5399, Sept. 1987.
G. E. Hale, S. Preston, and J. Nutting:Mater. Sci. and Eng., 1986, vol. 2, pp. 571–75.
E. T. Turkdogan, S. Ignatowice, and J. Pearson:JISI, 1955, vol. 180, pp. 349–54.
G. E. Hale and J. Nutting:Int. Metals Rev., 1984, vol. 29 (4), pp. 273–98.
R. L. Bodnar, K. A. Taylor, K. S. Albano, and S. A. Heim: in29th Mechanical Working and Steel Processing Conf. Proc., Iron and Steel Society-AIME, 1988, vol. 25, pp. 157–69.
K. W. Andrews:JISI, 1965, vol. 203, pp. 721–27.
K. A. Abiko, R. L. Bodnar, and D. P. Pope: inDuctility and Toughness Considerations in Elevated Temperature Service, G. V. Smith, ed., ASME, New York, NY, 1978, pp. 1–10.
W. Steven and A. G. Haynes:JISI, 1956, vol. 183, pp. 349–59.
R. L. Bodnar, R. F. Cappellini, and R. I. Jaffee:Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 1987, vol. 14 (4), pp. 185–94.
E. C. Bain and H. W. Paxton:Alloying Elements in Steel, 2nd ed., ASM, Metals Park, OH, 1966, pp. 192–95.
S. J. Barnard, G. D. W. Smith, A. J. Garratt-Reed, and J. Vander Sande: inAdvances in the Physical Metallurgy and Applications of Steels, TMS, London, 1982, pp. 33–37.
V. P. Swaminathan and J. D. Landes: inFracture Mechanics: 15th Symp, ASTM STP 833, R. J. Sanford, ed., ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1984, pp. 315–32.
M. Kohno, M. Ikuta, M. Miyakawa, and S. Kinoshita:Trans. ISIJ, 1987, vol. 27, p. B-25.
M. Kohno, M. Miyakawa, S. Kinoshita, and A. Suzuki: inAdvances in Material Technology for Fossil Power Plants, R. Viswanathan and R. I. Jaffee, eds., ASM INTERNATIONAL, Metals Park, OH, 1987, pp. 81–88.
M. Miyakawa, M. Kohno, S. Kinoshita, H. Kikuchi, and A. Suzuki: in1st Int. Conf. on Improved Coal-Fired Power Plants, A. Armor, W. Bakker, R. I. Jaffee, and G. Touchton, eds., EPRI Publication CS-5581-SR, 1988, pp. 6-217-6-231.
H. G. A. Bates and K. A. Ridal: inJoint Int. Conf. on Creep, Inst. Mech. Eng., London, 1963, paper no. 72, pp. 1-99-1-113.
G. J. P. Buchi, J. H. R. Page, and M. P. Sidey:JISI, 1965, vol. 203, pp. 291–97.
J. F. Norton and A. Strang:JISI, 1969, vol. 207, pp. 193–203.
R. M. Magdowski and M. O. Speidel:Metall. Trans. A, 1988, vol. 19A, pp. 1583–96.
R. I. Jaffee, P. Machner, W. Meyer, and J. E. Steiner:Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 1986, vol. 13 (6), pp. 322–26.
P. Machner, E. Reisl, W. Meyer, and R. I. Jaffee: Final Report to EPRI, RP2741-3, Nov. 1986.
P. Machner, W. Meyer, A. Kucharz, and R. I. Jaffee: inClean Steel 3, The Institute of Metals, London, 1987, pp. 168–72.
O. Watanabe and S. Ganesh: in1st Int. Conf. on Improved Coal-Fired Power Plants, A. Armor, W. Bakker, R. I. Jaffee, and G. Touchton, eds., EPRI Publication CS-5581-SR, 1988, pp. 6-41–6-58.
O. Watanabe, Y. Yoshioka, and R. C. Schwant: presented at the EPRI Workshop on Fossil Plant Retrofits for Improved Heat Rate and Availability, San Diego, CA, Dec. 1–3, 1987.
R. I. Jaffee, T. Ohhashi, O. Watanabe, and P. Machner: presented at theIron & Steel Society-AIME's 29th Mechanical Working and Steel Processing Conf., Toronto, ON, Canada, Oct. 21–23, 1987; and published inIron and Steelmaker, 1989, vol. 16 (2), pp. 45–51.
A. Suzuki: Kobe Steel, Ltd., private communication, Jan. 1988.
Y. Takeda: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., private communication, Aug. 1987.
R. L. Bodnar, J. R. Michael, S. S. Hansen, and R. I. Jaffee: in30th Mechanical Working and Steel Processing Conf. Proc., Iron and Steel Society-AIME, 1989, vol. 26, pp. 173–94.
J. Watanabe: Japan Steel Works, Ltd., private communication, April 1987.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
T. OHHASHI was formerly Research Scientist, Japan Steel Works, Ltd., Muroran Research Laboratory, 4 Chatsumachi, Muroran, 051 Japan.
An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02650311.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bodnar, R.L., Ohhashi, T. & Jaffee, R.I. Effects of Mn, Si, and purity on the design of 3.5NiCrMoV, 1CrMoV, and 2.25Cr-1Mo bainitic alloy steels. Metall Trans A 20, 1445–1460 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02665502
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02665502