Abstract
The crystallography, structure, and composition of the strengthening precipitates in maraging steels C-250 and T-250 have been studied utilizing analytical electron microscopy and computersimulated electron diffraction patterns. The kinetics of precipitation were studied by electrical resistivity and microhardness measurements and could be described adequately by the Johnson-Mehl-Avarami equation, with precipitate nucleation occurring on dislocations and growth proceeding by a mechanism in which the dislocations serve as collector lines for solute from the matrix along which pipe diffusion occurs. The strengthening of the Co-free, higher Ti T-250 steel is caused by a refined distribution of Ni3Ti precipitates. High strength is maintained at longer times from the combined effect of a high resistance of these precipitates to coarsening and a small volume fraction of reverted austenite. In the case of the Co-containing, lower Ti C-250 steel, strengthening results from the combined presence of Ni3Ti (initially) and Fe2Mo precipitates (at longer times). Loss of strength at longer times is associated, in part, with overaging and mainly from the larger volume fraction of reverted austenite. The resistance to austenite reversion is dependent on the manner in which the relative nickel content of the martensite matrix is affected by the precipitating phases, and the difference in the reversion tendency between the two steels can be explained on this basis.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
S. Floreen:Met. Rev., 1968, vol. 13, pp. 115–28.
J.M. Chilton and C.J. Barton:Trans. Q. ASM, 1967, vol. 60, pp. 528–42.
B.G. Reisdorf:Trans. Q. ASM, 1963, vol. 56, pp. 783–86.
A.J. Baker and P.R. Swann:Trans. Q. ASM, 1964, vol. 57, pp. 1008–11.
K. Shimizu and H. Okamoto:Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met., 1971, vol. 12, pp. 270–79.
G.P. Miller and W.I. Mitchell:J. Iron Steel Inst., 1965, vol. 20, pp. 899–904.
H.L. Marcus, L.H. Schwartz, and M.E. Fine:Trans. Q. ASM, 1966, vol. 59, p. 468.
J.B. Lecomte, C. Servant, and G. Cizeron:J. Mater. Sci., 1985, vol. 20, pp. 3339–52.
D.M. Vanderwalker:Metall. Trans. A, 1987, vol. 18A, pp. 1191–94.
D.M. Vanderwalker: inMaraging Steels—Recent Developments and Applications, TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1988, pp. 255–68.
G. Cliff and G.W. Lorimer, Jr.:J. Microsc, 1975, vol. 103, pp. 203–07.
D.T. Peters and C.R. Cupp:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1966, vol. 236, pp. 1420–29.
J. Burke: inThe Kinetics of Phase Transformations in Metals, Pergamon Press, New York, NY, 1965, pp. 36–60.
V.K. Vasudevan, S.J. Kim, and C.M. Wayman: inMaraging Steels—Recent Developments and Applications, TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1988, pp. 283–93.
A. Taylor and R.W. Floyd:Acta Crystallogr., 1950, vol. 3, pp. 285–89.
P. Villars and L.D. Calvert: inPearson’s Handbook of Crystallographic Data for Inter-metallic Phases, ASM, Metals Park, OH, 1985, vol. 3, p. 2905.
A.T. Davenport:J. Iron Steel Inst., 1968, vol. 206, pp. 499–501.
S.R. Keown and D.J. Dyson:J. Iron Steel Inst., 1966, vol. 204, pp. 832–36.
M.A. Krishtal: inDiffusion Processes in Iron Alloys, translated from Russian by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel, 1970, pp. 175–203.
C.J. Bechtoldt and H.C. Vacher:J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 1957, vol. 58, p. 7.
A.F. Yedneral and M.D. Perkas:Fiz. Met. Metalloved., 1969, vol. 28, pp. 862–71.
S. Saito and P. Beck:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1959, vol. 215, pp. 938–41.
R.K. Pitler and G.S. Ansell:Trans. Q. ASM, 1964, vol. 56, pp. 220–46.
K. Detert:Trans. Q. ASM, 1966, vol. 59, pp. 262–76.
S. Floreen and R.F. Decker:Trans. Q. ASM, 1962, vol. 55, p. 518.
S. Floreen:Trans. Q. ASM, 1964, vol. 57, p. 38.
J.W. Christian: inThe Theory of Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, Pergamon Press, New York, NY, 1965, pp. 471–95.
A.H. Cottrell and B.A. Bilby:Proc. Phys. Soc, 1949, vol. A62, p. 49.
S. Harper:Phys. Rev., 1951, vol. 83, p. 209.
J.W. Cahn:Acta Metall., 1957, vol. 5, p. 169.
C.C. Dollins:Acta Metall., 1970, vol. 18, p. 1209.
R. Gomez-Ramirez and G.M. Pound:Metall. Trans., 1973, vol. 4, pp. 1563–70.
L. Katgerman and J. Van Liere:Acta Metall., 1978, vol. 26, pp. 361–67.
K.C. Russell and H.I. Aaronson:J. Mater. Sci., 1975, vol. 10, pp. 1991–99.
R.D. Garwood and R.D. Jones:J. Iron Steel Inst., 1966, vol. 204, pp. 512–19.
H. Kreye:Z. Metallkd., 1970, vol. 61, pp. 108–12.
R.M. Allen and J.B. Vander Sande: inSolid → Solid Phase Transformations, H.I. Aaronson, D.E. Laughlin, R.F. Sekerka, and C.M. Wayman, eds., TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1982, pp. 655–59.
D.T. Peters and S. Floreen:Trans. AIME, 1969, vol. 245, pp. 2021–26.
A. Kelly and R.B. Nicholson:Prog. Mater. Sci., 1963, vol. 10, pp. 149–391.
Stephen Spooner, H.J. Rack, and David Kalish:Metall. Trans., 1971, vol. 2, pp. 2306–08.
B.G. Reisdorf and A.J. Baker:Air Force Materials Laboratory Tech. Rep., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 1965, no. AFML-TR-64-390.
G.S. Ansell and F.V. Lenel:Acta Metall., 1960, vol. 8, pp. 612–16.
G.S. Ansell:Acta Metall., 1961, vol. 9, pp. 518–19.
S. Floreen and A.M. Bayer: inMaraging Steels—Recent Developments and Applications, TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1988, pp. 39–54.
R.F. Decker: inSource Book on Maraging Steels, ASM, Metals Park, OH, 1979, p. 358.
D.T. Peters:Trans. Q. ASM, 1968, vol. 61, pp. 62–67.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Formerly with the University of Illinois,
Formerly with the University of Illinois
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vasudevan, V.K., Kim, S.J. & Wayman, C.M. Precipitation reactions and strengthening behavior in 18 Wt Pct nickel maraging steels. Metall Trans A 21, 2655–2668 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02646061
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02646061