Summary
The ARCI, a 550-item inventory for assessing subjective drug effects and personality characteristics, was standardized using former addict subjects on a number of drug conditions. The inventory was administered under “no-drug” and placebo, and various doses of morphine, pentobarbital, chlorpromazine, LSD-25, amphetamine, pyrahexyl, and alcohol. By means of item analysis, cross-validity and other initial comparisons, items were chosen to comprise each drug scale that discriminated the particular drug from placebo; the (no-drug)-placebo comparison also produced a tentative placebo scale. Since non-significant differences were found when scoring each of the drug scales separately on the nodrug and placebo conditions, these data were combined for standardizing all scales. Validity generalization, dose-effect, and retest studies showed that the drug scales possessed a high degree of validity and reliability. In contrast, the placebo scale lost discrimination entirely in the validity generalization group. Because of the very considerable number of item comprising the scales, only examples were presented. Subjective effects of the various drugs were discussed in terms of specific and general, non-specific actions and patterns of these alterations.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Brown, R. R., andE. W. Partington: The intelligence of the narcotic addict. J. gen. Psychol.26, 175–179 (1942).
Cummings, R., J. Hamblen andC. A. Haertzen: An IBM 650 program for computation of chi square for correlated measurements. Program I, University of Kentucky Computing Center, Lexington, 1961.
Edwards, A. L.: Statistical methods for the behavioral sciences. New York: Rinehart & Co., Inc. 1956.
Fraser, H. F., G. D. van Horn, W. R. Martin, A. B. Wolbach andH. Isbell: Methods for evaluating addiction liability, (a) “Attitude” of opiate addicts toward opiate-like drugs, (b) A short-term “direct” addiction test. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther.133, 371–387 (1961).
Gough, H. G.: California personality inventory manual. Palo Alto, Calif.: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc. 1957.
Guilford, J. P.: Psychometric methods. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill Book Co. 1936.
—, andW. S. Zimmerman: The Guilford-Zimmerman temperament survey. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sheridan Supply Co. 1949.
Haertzen, C. A.: A test of a basic assumption of causation in factor analytic theory: Changes in correlation between responses and changes in factor composition following the administration of LSD. Unpublished Ph. D. diss., Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington 1961.
—, andH. E. Hill: Effects of morphine and pentobarbital on differential MMPI profiles. J. clin. Psychol.15, 434–437 (1959).
- - and R. E.Belleville: Development of the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI): Selection of items that are sensitive to the effects of various drugs. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) (in press).
Hathaway, S. R., andJ. C. McKinley: Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory manual (rev. ed.). New York: The Psychological Corp. 1951.
Hill, H. E., C. A. Haertzen andH. Davis: An MMPI factor analytic study of alcoholics, narcotic addicts and criminals. Quart. J. Stud. Alcohol23, 411–431 (1962).
— —, andR. Glaser: Personality characteristics of narcotic addicts as indicated by the MMPI. J. gen. Psychol.62, 127–139 (1960).
Isbell, H., R. E. Belleville, H. F. Fraser, A. Wikler andC. R. Logan: Studies on lysergic acid diethylamide: I. Effects in former morphine addicts and development of tolerance during chronic intoxication. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.)76, 468–478 (1956).
Kuder, G. F., andM. W. Richardson: The theory of the estimation of test reliability. Psychometrika2, 151–160 (1937).
Lord, F. M.: Tests of the same length do have the same standard error of measurement. Educ. psychol. Meas.19, 233–239 (1959).
Nowlis, V., andH. H. Nowlis: Description and analysis of mood. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.65, 345–355 (1956).
Painting, D. H.: The performance of psychopathic individuals under conditions of positive and negative partial reinforcement. J. abnor. soc. Psychol.62, 352–355 (1961).
Shipley, E.: Shipley-Hartford Retreat Scale: Manual. Hartford, Conn.: Neuropsychiatric Institute, Hartford Retreat 1940.
Webster, H.: Reliability of the ordering achieved by tests: A lower bound for generalized KR 21. Psychol. Rep.10, 59–63 (1962).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hill, H.E., Haertzen, C.A., Wolbach, A.B. et al. The Addiction Research Center Inventory: Standardization of scales which evaluate subjective effects of morphine, amphetamine, pentobarbital, alcohol, LSD-25, pyrahexyl and chlorpromazine. Psychopharmacologia 4, 167–183 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02584089
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02584089