Summary
Halogenated methoxybenzenes (halogenated anisoles) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) have been analyzed in marine air samples from the lower troposphere of the East Atlantic Ocean, taken on the German, research vessel ‘Polarstern’ during two cruises in 1993 and 1994, and in air samples from the North Pacific Ocean (1995). The high-volume sampling method, sample preparation and analysis by HRGC-ECD and HRGC-MSD-SIM are described. The effectiveness of a new graphitized-carboncovered silica sorbent (ANGI-Sorb B) for the sampling of semi-volatiles is demonstrated. Eight congeners of the halogenated anisoles and HCB were detected in almost all marine air samples. The concentrations of the chloroanisoles, which show a distinct north-south interhemispherical gradient, were between 0.2 and 145 pg m−3; for the bromaanisoles concentrations were between 0.2 and 42 pg m−3. Only a weak inter-hemispheric gradient was observed for HCB at levels of 10–40 pg m−3. Levels of HCB were approximately 100 pg m−3 in continentally influenced air. Biogenic and indirect anthropogenic sources of the halogenated anisoles are discussed.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
I. Watanabe, T. Kashimoto, R. Tatsukawa, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.12, 615 (1983).
R. Jaffe, R. A. Hites, J. Great Lakes Res.12, 63 (1986).
J. Paasivirta, J. Tarhanen, B. Juvonen, Chemosphere16, 1787 (1987).
C. J. Schmitt, J. L. Zajicek, P. H. Peterman, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.19, 748 (1990).
T. Miyazaki, S. Kaneko, S. Horn, T. Yamagishi, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.26, 577 (1981).
H. Shiraishi, A. Otsuki, Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud. Jpn79, 83 (1985).
U. Führer, A. Deißler, K. Ballschmiter, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem.354, 333 (1996).
R. Wittlinger, K. Ballschmiter, Fresenius J. Anal Chem.336, 193 (1990).
E. Atlas, K. Sullivan, C. S. Giam, Atmos. Environ.20, 1217 (1986).
A. H. Neilson, A.-S. Allard, P.-A. Hynning, M. Remberger, L. Landner, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.45, 774 (1983).
M. Remberger, A.-S. Allard, A. H. Neilson, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.51, 552 (1986).
T. Suzuki, J. Pesticide Sci.8, 419 (1983).
J. Paasivirta, J. Särkkä, T. Leskijärvi, A. Roos, Chemosphere9, 441 (1980).
J. Paasivirta, J. Knuutinen, J. Tarhanen, T. Kuokkanen, K. Surma-Aho, R. Paukku, H. Kääriäinen, M. Lahtiperä, A. Veijanen, Water Sci. Technol.15, 97 (1983).
A. H. Neilson, A-S. Allard, P.-A. Hynning, M. Remberger, Environ. Sci. Technol.28, 278 (1994).
L. R. Suntio, W. Y. Shiu, D. Mackay, Chemosphere17, 1249 (1988).
S. Karlsson, S. Kaugare, A. Grimvall, H. Boron, R. Sävenhed, Water Sci. Technol.31, 99 (1995).
K. Ballschmiter, Ch. Unglert, P. Heizmann, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.16, 645 (1977).
K. Ballschmiter, Ch. Scholz, Chemosphere9, 457 (1980).
S. A. Woodin, M. D. Walla, D. E. Lincoln, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.107, 209 (1987).
T. Higa, J. P. Scheuer, in D. J. Faulkner, W. H. Fenical (eds), Marine Natural Products Chemistry. Constitutents of the HemichordatePtychodera flava laysanica, Plenum Press, New York, 1977, 35–43.
T. Higa, S. Sakemi, J. Chem. Ecol.9, 495 (1983).
R. M. Hoff, D. C. G. Muir, N. P. Grill, Environ. Sci. Technol.26, 266 (1992).
D. Calamari, E. Bacci, S. Focardi, M. Morosini, M. Vigli, Environ. Sci. Technol.25, 1489 (1991).
S. Mössner, Dissertation: ‘Isomeren- und enantiomerenspezifische Bestimmung von schwerflüchtigen Organochlorverbindungen in Meeressäugetieren: Transformation—Transport—Verbleib’, University of Ulm, 1995.
M. Zell, K. Ballschmiten, Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem.300, 387 (1980).
‘Hexachlorbenzol’, BUA-Stoffbericht 119, BUA Beratergremium für umweltrelevante Altstoffe der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker, ed., VCH, Weinheim (1993).
K. Ballschmiter, W. Schafer, H. Bucher, Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem.326, 253 (1987).
U. Führer, Dissertation: ‘Analytik und Vorkommen der Bromchloranisole (Bromchlormethoxybenzole) in der Umwelt’, University of Ulm, 1996.
K. Ballschmiter Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.31, 487 (1992).
R. M. Wittlinger, Dissertation: ‘Herkunft, Vorkommen und Verbleib von weniger flüchtigen Organohalogenen in der unteren Troposphäre’, University of Ulm, 1988.
A. Deißler, Dissertation: ‘Entwicklung von Kohleadsorbentien und ihre analytische Anwendung’, University of Ulm, 1996.
R. Wittlinger, K. Ballschmiter, Chemosphere16, 2497 (1987).
O. Luxenhofer, K. Ballschmiter, Fresenius J. Anal Chem.350, 395 (1994).
O. Luxenhofer, E. Schneider, K. Ballschmiter., Fresenius J. Anal. Chem.350, 384 (1994).
H. Kováts, Helv. Chim. Acta41, 1915 (1958).
H. J. Neu, M. Zell, K. Ballschmiter, Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem.293, 193 (1978).
R. C. Fischer, R. Wittlinger, K. Ballschmiter, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem.342, 421 (1992).
J Schreitmüller, Dissertation: ‘Verteilung schwerflüchtiger Organohalogenverbindungen in der Troposphäre und Hydrosphere des Atlantischen Ozeans’, University of Ulm, 1993.
J. Schreitmüller, K. Ballschmiter, Fresenius J. Anal Chem.348, 226 (1994).
J. Schreitmüller, K. Ballschmiter, Environ. Sci. Technol.28, 207 (1995).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Führer, U., Deißler, A., Schreitmüller, J. et al. Analysis of halogenated methoxybenzenes and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the picogram m−3 range in marine air. Chromatographia 45, 414–427 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02505594
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02505594