Abstract
Lake Baldegg was chosen to study the influence of a permanent anaerobic hypolimnion on the transport of copper and zinc. The evaluation of concentration variations in function of time and depth and the sedimentation rates lead to the conclusion that copper, in contrast to zinc, is sorbed additionally on newly formed iron particles at the Fe3+/Fe2+ interface and transported on the ‘iron wheel’. A flux scheme for the hypolimnic transport of copper is quantified in a one-dimensional diffusion model. By this the observed variations of concentration profiles can be explained.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Abbreviations
- Az :
-
Lake surface at depth Z [m2]
- c:
-
Copper to iron ratio (atomic numbers) in the newly formed particle at the Fe3+/Fe2+ interface
- d:
-
Flux ratio of particulate autochthonous copper entering and leaving the hypolimnion
- DCuE :
-
Flux of dissolved copper from the epilimnion to the hypolimnion [mole m−2d−1]
- DCus :
-
Flux of dissolved copper from the sediment [mole m−2 d−1]
- DFes :
-
Flux of dissolved iron from the sediment [mole m−2 d−1]
- f:
-
Copper to iron ratio (atomic numbers) in the allochthonous particle
- J:
-
Source and sink function of chemical reactions [mole m−3 d−1]
- k(Z):
-
Eddy diffusion coefficient at depth Z
- K1 :
-
Reaction rate for the formation of new particulate copper at the Fe3+/Fe2+ interface [d−1]
- K2 :
-
Reaction rate for the redissolution of particulate organic copper in the hypolimnion [d−1]
- n:
-
Copper to nitrogen ratio (atomic numbers) in the organic particle
- PNE :
-
Flux of organic particulate nitrogen entering the hypolimnion [mole m−2d−1]
- PNEpi :
-
Concentration of particulate nitrogen in the epilimnion [mole m−3]
- DM:
-
Concentration of metal M [mole m−3]
- PCuA :
-
Flux of allochthonous particulate copper [mole m−2d−1]
- PCuE :
-
Flux of autochthonous particulate copper [mole m−2d−1] entering the hypolimnion
- PCu'E :
-
Flux of autochthonous particulate copper from the hypolimnion to the sediment [mole m−2d−1]
- PCuFe :
-
Concentration of particulate copper in the newly formed particle at the Fe3+/Fe2+ interface [mole m−2]
- PCuo :
-
Concentration of particulate organic copper [mole m−2]
- PFeA :
-
Flux of allochthonous particulate iron [mole m−2d−1]
- PFeEpi :
-
Concentration of particulate iron in the epilimnion [mole m−3]
- PFeD :
-
Flux of newly formed particulate iron at the Fe3+/Fe2+ interface [mole m−2d−1]
- PFeH :
-
Flux of particulate iron leaving the hypolimnion [mole m−2d−1]
- S:
-
Index for sediment
- TC:
-
Index for thermocline
- vA :
-
Mean sedimentation rate of allochthonous particles [m d−1]
- vE :
-
Mean sedimentation of autochthonous organic particles entering the hypolimnion [m d−1]
- vH :
-
Sedimentation of newly formed particles at the Fe3+/Fe2+ interface [m d−1]
References
Gächter, R., and Mares, A.: MELIMEX, an experimental heavy metal pollution study: Effects of increased heavy metal loads on phytoplankton communities. Schweiz. Z. Hydrol.41, 228–246 (1979).
Gächter, R., and Baccini, P.: Wie stark dürfen Seen mit Schwermetallen belastet werden. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Beilage Forschung und Technik. NO. 50, 1.3. 1978.
Baccini, P.: Untersuchungen über den Schwermetallhaushalt in Seen. Schweiz. Z. Hydrol.38, 121–158 (1976).
Baccini, P., Ruchti, J., Wanner, O., and Grieder, E.: MELIMEX, an experimental heavy metal pollution study: Regulation of trace metal concentrations in limno-corrals. Schweiz. Z. Hydrol.41, 202–227 (1979).
Strickland, J.D.H., and Parsons, T.R.: A Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis. Fish. Res. Bd Can., Bull. 167 (1968).
Stadelmann, P.: Stickstoffkreislauf und Primärproduktion im mesotrophen Vierwaldstättersee und im eutrophen Rotsee, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Nitrats als limitierender Faktor. Schweiz. Z. Hydrol.33, 1–65 (1971).
Bossard, P., and Joller, Th.: Die quantitative Erfassung von Methan im Seewasser. Schweiz. Z. Hydrol., in preparation.
Emerson, S., Coranston, R.E., and Liss, P.S.: Redox species in a reducing fjord: equilibrium and kinetic considerations. Deep-Sea Res.26A, 859–878 (1979).
Hydrologisches Jahrbuch der Schweiz 1977. Eidg. Drucksachen-und Materialzentrale, Bern.
Huber-Pestalozzi, G.: Das Phytoplankton des Süsswassers, parts 1–5. In: Die Binnengewässer, vol. 16. E. Schweizerbartsche Verlagshandlung.
Schiess, Th.: Limnologisch-biologischer Bericht über den Baldeggersee 1974/75. Schweiz. Bund für Naturschutz, Basel 1976.
Baccini, P., and Suter, U.: Chemical speciation and biological availability of copper in lake water. Schweiz. Z. Hydrol.41, 291–314 (1979).
Baccini, P., unpublished results.
Burns, N.M., and Resa, F.: In situ measurement of the settling velocity of organic particles and 10 species of phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr.25/5, 855–864 (1980).
Joller, Th.: Thesis ETH Zürich, in preparation.
Schneider, W.: ETH Zürich, personal communication.
Theis, Th.L., and Singer, P.C.: The stabilization of organic compounds in natural waters. In: Trace metals and metalorganic interactions in natural waters. Ed. P.C. Singer. Ann Arbor Science, 1973.
Campbell, P., and Torgersen, T.: Maintenance of iron meromixis by iron redeposition in a rapidly flushed monimolimnion. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.37, 1303–1313 (1980).
Davison, W., Heany, S.I., Talling, J.F., and Rigg, E.: Seasonal transformations and movements of iron in a productive English lake with deep water anocia. Schweiz. Z. Hydrol.42/2, 196–224 (1980).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Baccini, P., Joller, T. Transport processes of copper and zinc in a highly eutrophic and meromictic lake. Schweiz. Z. Hydrologie 43, 176–199 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02502481
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02502481