Abstract
The present article summarises the published phytotoxic effects of severalFusarium metabolites (mycotoxins, phytotoxins, antibiotics and pigments) since 1989. The phytotoxicity of many of the commonly isolated metabolites cannot be disputed, but their role in pathogenesis ofFusarium-induced plant diseases is uncertain. Plant species/varieties differ in their susceptibililty resistance to these toxinsin vitro, as well as toFusarium pathogens under field conditions. Such variations in plant response may reflect resistance mechanisms that operate at several levels, including an initial ability to prevent fungal invasion; prevention of fungal spread and toxin tolerance or degradation. Little is known about the mode of action of most of these metabolites on either animal or plant cells. Several novelFusarium metabolites have been isolated in the past few years. Many are toxic to animals and cell lines, but assessment of their phytotoxicity has largely been neglected. Since many plant pathogenic Fusaria produce a plethora of metabolites, the additive or synergistic actions of toxins in combination must be considered in plant pathology.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Abbreviations
- AFB1 :
-
aflatoxin B1
- BEA:
-
beauvericin
- DAS:
-
diacetyoxyscirpenol
- d-FA:
-
dihydroxyfusaric acid
- DHF:
-
dihydrofusarubin
- DON:
-
deoxynivalenol
- FA:
-
fusaric acid
- FB1 :
-
fumonisin B1
- FHB:
-
fusarium head blight
- IM:
-
isomarticin
- MI:
-
mitotic index
- MON:
-
moniliformin
- NIV:
-
nivalenol
- RDR:
-
relative division rate
- ZEA:
-
zearalenone
- 3-DON:
-
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol
References
Christensen CM, Kaufmann HH. Microflora. In: Christensen CM (ed), Storage of Cereal Grains and their Products, St. Paul: American Association of Cereal Chemists, 1974: 158–92.
Christensen CM, Sauer DB. Microflora. In: Christensen CM (ed), Storage of Cereal Grains and their Products, St Paul: American Association of Cereal Chemists, 1982: 219–40.
McLean M, Berjak P. Maize grains and their associated mycoflora — a micro-ecological consideration. Seed Sci & Technol 1987; 15: 831–50.
Mycock DJ, Berjak P. Paradoxical behaviour of seed-storage and field fungi: an overview. S Afr J Sci 1992; 88: 371–75.
Mycock DJ, Rijkenberg FHJ, Berjak P. Systemic transmission ofAspergillus flavus var.columnaris from one maize seed generation to the next. Seed Sci & Technol 1992; 20: 1–13.
Groopman JD, Cain LG, and Kensler TW. Aflatoxin exposure in human populations: measurements and relationship to cancer. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 1988; 19: 113–45.
Groopman JD, Zhu JQ, Donahue PR, Pikul A, Zhang LS, Chen JS, Wogan GN. Molecular dosimetry of urinary aflatoxin-DNA adducts in people living in Guangxi Autonomous Region, Peoples’ Republic of China. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 45–52.
Newbeme PM. Contribution of nutritional sciences to food safety: control of mycotoxins. J Nutr 1993; 123: 289–93.
Prelusky DB, Rotter BA, Rotter RG. Toxicology of mycotoxins. In: Miller JD, Trenholm HL (eds), Mycotoxins in Grain. Compounds otherthan Aflatoxin, St. Paul: Eagan Press, 1994: 359–403.
Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST). Mycotoxins. Economics and Health Risks. Task Force Report No. 116, Iowa, November 1989.
Hsieh DPH, Wong ZA, Wong JJ, Michas C, Ruebner BH. Comparative metabolism of aflatoxin. In: Rodricks JV, Hesseltine CW, Mehlman MA (eds), Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Health, Park Forest South: Pathotox Publishers, 1977: 37–50.
Wong ZA, Hsieh DPH. Aflatoxicol: Major aflatoxin Bj metabolite in rat plasma. Science 1978; 200: 325–27.
Hsieh DPH. Mode of action of mycotoxins. In: Krogh P (ed), Mycotoxins in Food, Cambridge: Academic Press, 1977: 149–76.
Mirocha CJ. Mycotoxicoses associated withFusarium. In: Moss MO, Smith JE (eds), The Applied Mycology ofFusarium, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984: 141–55.
Joffe AZ.Fusarium species: Their Biology and Toxicology. New York: John Wiley, 1986.
Gilbert J. Current views on the occurrence and significance ofFusarium toxins. J Appl Bacteriol Symp Suppl, 1989: 89S–98S.
Marasas WFO, Toussoun TA, Nelson PE. ToxigenicFusarium species: Identity and Mycotoxicology. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1984.
Nelson EP, Dignani MC, Anaissie EJ. Taxonomy, biology, and clinical aspects ofFusarium species. Clin Microbiol Rev 1994; 7: 479–504.
Rheeder JP, Marasas WFO, Thiel PG, Sydenham EW, Shephard OS, van Schalkwyk DJFusarium moniliforme and fumonisins in com in relation to human esophageal cancer in Transkei. Phytopathology 1992; 82: 353–57.
Samson RA. Mycotoxins: a mycologist’s perspective. J Med VetMycol 1993; 30: 9–18.
Thiel PQ, Marasas WFO, Sydenham EW, Shephard OS, Gelderblom WCA. The implications of naturally occurring levels of fumonisins in corn for human and animal health. Mycopathologia 1992; 117: 3–9.
Scott PM. The natural occurrence of trichothecenes. In: Beasley VR (ed), Trichothecene Mycotoxins: Pathophysiologic Effects. Vol 1. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1989: 1–26.
Kommedahl T, Windeis CE. Root-, stalk-, and ear-infectingFusarium species on corn in the USA. In: Nelson PE, Toussoun TA, Cook RJ (eds),Fusarium: Diseases, Biology and Taxonomy. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1981: 94–103.
Drysdale RB. The production and significance in phytopathology of toxins produced by species ofFusarium. In: Moss MO, Smith JE (eds), The Applied Mycology ofFusarium, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984: 95–105.
Chelkowski J. Formation of mycotoxins producedbyFusaria in heads of wheat, triticale and rye. In: Chelkowski J (ed),Fusarium Mycotoxins, Taxonomy and Pathogenicity. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishers, 1989: 63–84.
Bottalico A, Logrieco A, Visconti A.Fusarium species and their mycotoxins in infected cereals in the field and in stored grain. In: Chelkowski J (ed),Fusarium Mycotoxins, Taxonomy and Pathogenicity. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishers, 1989: 85–119.
Chelkowski J. Mycotoxins associated with corn cob fusariosis. In: Chelkowski J (ed),Fusarium Mycotoxins, Taxonomy and Pathogenicity. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishers, 1989: 53–62.
Seppänen E.Fusaria as pathogens of potato tubers and their pathogenicity. In: Chelkowski J (ed),Fusarium Mycotoxins, Taxonomy and Pathogenicity. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishers, 1989: 421–33.
Teich AH. Epidemiology of corn (Zea mays L.) ear rot caused byFusarium spp. In: Chelkowski J (ed),Fusarium Mycotoxins, Taxonomy and Pathogenicity. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishers, 1989: 269–82.
Miller JD. Epidemiology ofFusarium ear diseases in cereals. In: Miller JD, Trenholm HL (eds), Mycotoxins in Grain. Compounds other than Aflatoxin. St. Paul: Eagan Press, 1994: 19–36.
Savard ME, Miller JD. Characterization of fusarin F, a new fusarin fromFusarium moniliforme. J Nat Prod 1992; 55: 64–70.
Yoder OC. Toxins in pathogenesis. Annu Rev Phytopathol 1980; 18: 103–29.
Mańike M, Chelkowski J, Brayford D, Visconti A, Kwaśna K, Perkowski J.Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (TeleomorphGibberella zeae Schw. Fetch) — Cultural characteristics, pathogenicity towards cereal seedlings and ability to produce mycotoxins. J Phytopathol 1989; 124: 143–48.
Snijders CHA, Perkowski J. Effects of head blight caused byFusarium culmorum on toxin content and weight of wheat kernels. Phytopathology 1990; 80: 566–70.
Beremand MN, Desjardins AE, Hohn TM, Van Middlesworth FL. Survey ofFusurium sambucinum (Gibberella pulicaris) for mating type, trichothecene production, and other selected traits. Phytopathology 1991; 81: 1452–58.
Snijders CHA. Breeding tor resistance toFusarium in wheat and maize. In: Miller JD, Trenholm HL (eds), Mycotoxins in Grain. Compounds other than Aflatoxin. St. Paul: Eagan Press, 1994; 37–58.
Atanassov Z, Nakamura C, Mori N, Kaneda C, Kalo H, Jin Y-Z, Yoshizawa T, Murai K. Mycotoxin production and pathogenicity ofFusarium species and wheat resistance toFusarium head blight. Can. J Bot 1994; 72: 161–67.
van den Bulk RW. Application of cell and tissue culture andin vitro selection for disease resistance breeding — a review. Euphytica 1991; 56: 269–85.
Bruins MBM, Karsaï I, Schepers J, Snijders CHA. Phytotoxicity of deoxynivalenol to wheat tissue with regard to in vitro selection for Fusarium head blight resistance. Plant Sci 1993; 94: 195–206.
Desjardins AE, Hohn TM, McCormick SP. Trichothecene biosynthesis inFusarium species: Chemistry, genetics, and significance. Microbiol Rev 1993; 57: 595–604.
Scott PM, Nelson K, Kanhere SR, Karpinski KF, Hayward S, Neish GA, Teich A.H. Decline of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) concentrations in 1983 Ontario winter wheat before harvest. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984; 48: 884–86.
Miller JD, Young JC, Sampson DR. Deoxynivalenol andFusarium head blight resistance in spring cereals. Phytopath Z 1985; 113: 354–67.
Zill G, Engelhardt G, Wohner B, Wallnöfer PR. The fate of Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone in maize cell suspension cultures. Mycotox Res 1990; 6: 31–40.
Miller JD, Arnison PG. Degradation of deoxynivalenol by suspension cultures ofFusarium head blight resistant wheat cultivar Frontana. Can J Plant Pathol 1986; 8: 147–50.
Miller JD, Young JC. Deoxynivalenol in an experimentalFusarium graminearum infection of wheat. Can J Plant Pathol 1985; 7: 132–34.
O’Neill KO, Damoglou AP, Patterson MF. Toxin production byFusarium culmorum IMI 309344 andFusarium graminearum NRRL 5883 on grain substrates. J Appl Bacteriol 1993; 74: 625–28.
Koshinsky HA, Khachatourians GC. Trichothecenes synergism, additivity, and antagonism: The significance of the maximally quiescent ratio. Nat Tox 1992; 1: 38–47.
Mirocha CJ, Weiping X, Yichun X, Wilcoxson RD, Woodward RP, Etebarian RH, Behele G. Production of trichothecene mycotoxins byFusarium graminearum andFusarium culmorum on barley and wheat. Mycopathologia 1994; 128: 19–23.
Wakuliriski W. Phytotoxicity ofFusarium metabolites in relation to pathogenicity. In: Chelkowski J (ed),Fusarium Mycotoxins, Taxonomy and Pathogenicity. Amsterdam: Elsevier Press, 1989; 257–68.
Nirenherg HI. Mycopathological differentiation ofFusarium sambucinum Fuckel sensu stricto,F. torulosum (Berk. & Curt.) Nirenberg comb. nov. andF. venenatum Nirenberg sp. niov. Mycopathologia 1995; 128: 131–41.
Vesonder RF, Goliriski P. Metabolites ofFusarium. In: Chelkowski J (ed),Fusarium Mycotoxins, Taxonomy and Pathogenicity. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishers, 1989: 1–39.
Savard ME, Blackwell BA. Spectral characteristics of secondary metabolites fromFusarium species. In: Miller JD, Trenholm HL (eds), Mycotoxins in Grain. Compounds other than Aflatoxin St. Paul, Minnesota: Eagan Press, 1994: 59–257.
Wang YZ, Miller JD. Effect ofFusarium graminearum metabolites on wheat tissue in relation to fusarium head blight resistance. J Phytopathol 1988; 122: 118–25.
Snijders CHA, Krechting CF. Inhibition of deoxynivalenol translocation and fungal colonization inFusarium head blight resistant wheat. Can J Bot 1992; 70: 1570–76.
Adams GC, Hart LP. The role of deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol in pathogenesis hyGibberella zeae, as elucidated through protoplast fusions between toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains. Phytopathology 1989; 79: 404–8.
Wakulinski W. Phytotoxicity of the secondary metabolites of fungi causing wheat head fusariosis (head blight). Acta Physiol Plant 1989; 11: 301–6.
Shimada T, Otani M. Effects ofFusarium mycotoxins on the growth of shoots and roots at germination in some Japanese wheat cultivars. Cereal Res Commun 1990; 18: 229–32.
Menke-Milczarek I, Zimny J. Phytotoxicity of deoxynivalenol to wheat calli. Mycotox Res 1991; 7: 146–49.
Packa D. Cytogenetic changes in plant cells as influenced by mycotoxins Mycotox Res 1991; 7: 150–55.
Rahman MF, Bilgrami KS, Masood A. Cytotoxic effects of DON and T-2 toxin on plant cells. Mycopathologia 1993; 124: 95–7.
Ahmed KS, Mesterhazy A, Sagi F. In vitro techniques for selecting wheat (Triticum aestivum) L. forFusarium resistance. I. Double-layer culture technique. Euphytica 1991; 57: 251–57.
Bandurska H, Chelkowski J, Wisniewska H. Free proline accumulation in wheat seedlings influenced byFusarium culmorum infection and the pathogen metabolite deoxynivalenol. Acta Physiol Plant 1994; 16: 111–16.
McLean M. The phytotoxicity of selected mycotoxins on mature, germinatingZea mays embryos. Mycopathologia 1996: in press.
Ueno Y. General toxicity. In: Ueno Y (ed), Trichothecenes, Chemical, Biological and Toxicological Aspects. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1983; 135–46.
Kaneko I, Schmilz H, Essery JM, Rose W, Howell HG, O’Herron FA, Nachfolger S, Huftalen J, Bradnor WT, Partyka RA, Doyle TW, Davies D, Cundliffe E. Structural modification of anguidine and antitumor activities of its analogues. J Med Chem 1982; 25: 579–89.
Thompson WL, Wannemacher RW. Structure-function relationship of 12,13-epoxytrichothecene mycotoxins in cell culture: comparison to whole animal lethality. Toxicon 1986; 24: 985–94.
Terse PS, Madhyastha MS, Zurovac O, Stringfellow D, Marquardt RR, Kemppainen BW. Comparison of in vitro and in vivo biological activity of mycotoxins. Toxicon 1993; 31: 913–19.
van Asch MAJ, Rijkenberg FHJ, Coutinho TA. Phytotoxicity of fumonisin B, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin to corn callus cultures. Phytopathology 1992; 82: 1330–32.
Chang NT, Xue YL. Effect of T-2 toxin on wheat leaf protoplasts. Chin Sci Bull 1990; 35: 431–434.
Vesonder RF, Labeda DP, Peterson RE. Phytotoxic activity of selected water-soluble metabolites ofFusarium againstLemna minor L. (Duckweed). Mycopathologia 1992; 118: 185–9.
Abbas HK, Mulrooney JE. Effect of some phytopathogenic fungi and their metabolites on growth ofHeliothis virescens (F) and its host plants. Biocont Sci & Technol 1994; 4: 77–87.
Kim KH, Lee YW, Mirocha CJ, Pawlosky RJ. Isoverrucarol production byF. oxysporum CJS-12 isolated from corn. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56: 260–63.
Bekele E, Rottinghaus AA, Rottinghaus GE, Casper HH, Fort DM, Barnes CL, Tempesta MS. Two new trichothecenes fromFusarium sporotrichioides. J Nat Prod 1991; 54: 1303–8.
Greenhalgh R, Fielder DA, Morrison LA, Charland J, Blackwell BA, Savard ME, ApSimon JW. Secondary metabolites ofFusarium species: Apotrichothecene derivatives. J Agric Food Chem 1989; 37: 699–705.
Kim J, Lee Y. Sambutoxin, a new mycotoxin produced by toxicFusarium isolates obtained from rotted potato tubers. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60: 4380–86.
Kriek NPJ, Marasas WFO, Steyn PS, van Rensberg SJ, Steyn M. Toxicity of moniliformin-producing strain ofFusarium moniliforme var.subglutinans isolated from maize. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1977; 15: 579–87.
Mańke M, Visconti A, Chelkowski J, Bottalico A. Pathogenicity ofFusarium isolates from wheat, rye, and triticale towards seedlings and their ability to produce trichothecenes and zearalenone. Phytopathol Z 1985; 113: 24–29.
Mirocha CJ, Christensen CM, Nelson GH. F-2 (zearalenone) estrogenic mycotoxins fromFusarium. In: Kadis S, Ciegler A, Ajl SJ (eds). Microbial Toxins VII. London: Academic Press, 1971: 107–38.
Thiel PG, Marasas WFO, Sydenham EW, Shephard OS, Gelderblom WCA, Niewenhuis JJ. Survey of fumonisin production byFusarium species. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57: 1089–93.
Nelson PE, Plattner RD, Shackelford DD, Desjardins AE. Fumonisin bi production hyFusarium species other thanFusarium moniliforme in section Liseola and by some related species. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58: 984–89.
Gelderblom WCA, Jaskiewicz K, Marasas WFO, Thiel PG, Horak RM, Vleggaar R, Kriek NPJ. Fumonisins — novel mycotoxins with cancer-promoting activity produced byFusarium moniliforme. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54: 1806–11.
Marasas WFO, Kellerman TS, Gelderblom WCA, Coetzer JAW, Thiel PG, van der Lugt JS. Leukoencephalomalacia in a horse induced by fumonisin B1 isolated fromFusarium moniliforme. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1988; 55: 197–203.
Harrison LR, Colvin BM, Greene JT, Newman LE, Cole JR. Pulmonary edema and hydrothorax in swine produced by fumonisin bi, a toxic metabolite ofFusarium moniliforme. J Vet Diagn Invest 1990; 2: 217–21.
Kellerman TS, Marasas WFO, Thiel PG, Gelderblom WCA, Cawood M, Coetser JAW. Leukoencepahalomalacia in two horses induced by oral dosing of fumonisin b1, Ondersterpoort J Vet Res 1990; 57: 319–24.
van Asch MAJ. Studies on the resistance of wheat and maize to fungal pathogenesis. PhD Thesis, 1990, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
Abbas HK, Boyette CD. Phytotoxicity of fumonisin b1 on weed and crop species. Weed Technol 1992; 6: 548–52.
Abbas HK, Boyette CD, Hoagland RE, Vesonder RF. Biochemical potential ofFusarium moniliforme and its phytotoxin, fumonisin. Weed Sci 1991; 39: 673–77.
Abbas HK, Gelderblom WCA, Cawood ME, Shier WT. Biological activities of fumonisins, mycotoxins fromFusarium moniliforme, in jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.) and mammalian cell cultures. Toxicon 1993; 31: 345–53.
Abbas HK, Duke SO, Tanaka T. Phytotoxicity of fumonisins and related compounds. J Toxicol Toxin Rev. 1993; 12: 225–51.
Doehlert DC, Knutson CA, Vesonder RF. Phytotoxic effects of fumonisin b1 on maize seedling growth. Mycopathologia 1994; 127: 117–21.
Lamprecht SC, Marasas WFO, Alberts JF, Cawood ME, Gelderhlom WCA, Shephard GS, Thiel PO, Calitz FJ. Phytotoxicity of fumonisins and TA-toxin to corn and tomato Phytopathology 1994; 84: 383–91.
Yoshizawa T, Yamashita A, Luo Y. Fumonisin occurrence in corn from high and low-risk areas for human oesophageal cancer in China. Appl Enivron Toxicol 1994; 60: 1626–29.
Ritieni A, Fogliano V, Randazzo G, Scarallo A, Logrieco A, Moretti A, Mannina L, Bottalico A. Isolation and characterisation of fusaproliferin, a new toxic metabolite fromFusarium proliferatum. Nat Toxins 1995; 3: 17–20.
Desjardins AE, Plattner RD, Nelsen TC, Leslie JF. Genetic analysis of fumonisin production and virulence ofGibberella fujikuroi mating population A (Fusarium moniliforme) on maize (Zea mays) seedlings. Appl Environ Microhiol 1995; 61: 79–86.
Bruckner B, Blechschmidt D, Schubert B.Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. A fungus producing a broad spectrum of bioactive metabolites. Zentralbl Mikrobiol 1989; 144: 3–12.
Rachev RC, Pavlova-Rouseva R, Bojkova SW, Gancheva VK. Isolation of gibberellic acid produced byFusarium moniliforme. J Nat Prod 1993; 56: 1168–70.
Gulewicz K, Rataj-Guranowska M, Lukaszewska N, Michalski Z. Gibberellic acid production byFusarium moniliforme on lupin seed extracts. Acta Microbiologica Polonica 1994; 43: 73–77.
Kirsch K. Carboxylic ester hydrolases. In: Boyers PD (ed), The Enzymes, Vol 5. New York: Academic Press, 1971; 43–69.
Vesonder RF, Gasdorf H, Peterson RE. Comparison of the cytotoxicities ofFusarium metabolites andAlternaria metabolite AAL-toxin to cultured mammalian cell lines. Arch Environ Contamin Toxicol 1994; 24: 473–77.
Wiebe LA, Bjeldanes LF. Fusarin C, a mutagen fromFusarium moniliforme grown on com. J Food Sci 1981; 46: 1424–26.
Bacon CW, Marijanovic DR, Norred WP, Hinton DM. Production of fusarin C on cereal and soybean byFusarium moniliforme. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55: 2745–48.
Tseng T. Mycotoxins produced byFusarium spp. of Taiwan. Bot Bull Acad Sin 1993; 34: 261–69.
Pathre SV, Gleason WB, Lee Y, Mirocha CJ. The structure of fusarachromanone: new mycotoxin fromFusarium roseum, ‘Graminearum’. Can J Chem 1986; 64: 308–11.
Xie W, Mirocha CJ, Pawlosky RJ, Wen Y, Xu X. Biosynthesis of fusarochromanone and its monoacetyl derivativeby Fusarium equiseti. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55: 794–79.
Wu WD, Nelson PE, Cook ME, Smalley EB. Fusachromanone production byFusarium isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56: 2989–93.
Xie W, Mirocha CJ, Wen Y, Pawlosky RJ. Isolation and structural identification of a new metabolite ofFusarium equiseti. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56: 2946–48.
Xie W, Mirocha CJ, Wen Y, Cheong W, Pawlosky RJ. Isolation and structure elucidation of four fatty acid derivatives of mycotoxin fusachromanone produced byFusarium equiseti. J Agric Food Chem 1991; 39: 1757–61.
Xie W, Mirocha CJ, Wen Y. Isolation and structure identification of two new derivatives of the mycotoxin fusarochromanone produced byFusarium equiseti. J Nat Prod 1995; 58: 124–27.
Lee YW, Mirocha CJ, Schroeder DJ, Walser MM. TDP-1, a toxic component causing tibial dyschondrioplasia in broiler chickens, and trichothecenesfrom Fusarium roseum ‘graminearum’. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 50: 102–7.
Chu Q, Wu W, Cook ME, Smalley EB. Induction of tibial dyschondrioplasia and suppression of cell-mediated immunity in chickensby Fusarium oxysporum grown on sterile com. AvianDis 1995; 39: 100–7.
Abbas HK, Mirocha CJ, Shier WT. Isolation, identification and biological activity of chlamydosporol fromFusarium culmorum HM-8. Mycopathologia 1992; 118: 115–23.
Abbas HK, Mirocha CJ. Isolation, purification and biological activity of a new toxin (HM-8) fromFusarium culmorum. Phytotopathology 1990; 80: 1002.
Abbas HK, Mirocha CJ, Gunther R. Mycotoxins produced by toxicFusarium isolates obtained from agricultural and nonagricultural areas (Arctic) of Norway. Mycopathologia 1989; 105: 143–51.
Visconti A, Solfrizzo M, Fruchier A, ApSimon JW. Acuminatopyrone: revised structure and production byFusarium chlamydosporum andFusarium tricinctum. J Nat Prod 1994; 57: 695–99.
Salleh B, Strange RN. Toxigenicity of some fusaria associated with plant and human diseases in the Malaysian peninsula. J Gen Microbiol 1988; 134: 841–47.
Savard ME, Miller JD, Salleh B, Strange RN. Chlamydosporol, a new metabolitefrom Fusarium chlamydosporum. Mycopathologia 1990; 110: 177–81.
Gaumann E. Fusaric acid as a wilt toxin. Phytopathology 1957; 47: 342–57.
Sadasivan TS. Physiology of wilt diseases. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 1961; 12: 449–68.
Chakrabarti DK, Basu Choudhary KC. Correlation between virulence and fusaric acid production inFusarium oxysporum f.sp.carthami. Phytopathol Z 1980; 99: 43–46.
Chawla HS, Wenzel G. In vitro selection for fusaric acid resistant barley plants. Plant Breeding 1987; 99: 159–63.
Burmeister HR, Grove MD, Peterson RE, Weisleder D, Plattner RD. Isolation and characterization of two new fusaric acid analogs fromFusarium moniliforme NRRL 13, 163. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 50: 311–14.
Kern H, Naef-Roth S. Zwei neue, durch Martiella-Fusarien gebildete naphthazarin-derivate. Phytopathol Z 1967; 60: 316–24.
Medentsev AG, Akimenko VK. Effect of culture conditions on biosynthesis of naphthoquinone metabolites byFusarium decemcellulare fungi. Mikrobiologiya 1990; 61: 572–76.
Medentsev AG, Akimenko VK. Mechanism of the phytotoxic action of naphthoquinone pigments of the fungusFusarium decemcellulare. Phytochemistry 1992; 31: 77–79.
Nemec S.Fusarium solani association with branch and trunk cancers on citrus weakened by cold weather in Florida. Mycopathologia 1987; 97: 143–50.
Achor DS, Nemec S, Baker RA. Effects ofFusarium solani naphthazarin toxins on the cytology and ultrastructure of rough lemon seedlings. Mycopathologia 1993; 123: 117–26.
Burmeister HR, Plattner RD. Enniatin production byFusarium tricinctum and its effects on germinating wheat seeds. Phytopathology 1987; 77: 1483–37.
Logrieco A, Moretti A, Altomare C, Bottalico A, Carbonell Torres E. Occurrence and toxicity ofFusarium subglutinans from Peruvian maize. Mycopathologia 1993; 122: 185–90.
Logrieco AA, Moretti A, Ritieni A, Chelkowski J, Altomare C, Bottalico A, Randazzo G. Natural occurrence of beauvericin in preharvestFusarium subglutinans infected corn ears in Poland. J Agric Food Chem 1993; 41: 2149–52.
Qupta S, Krasnoff SB, Underwood NL, Renwick JAA, Roberts DW. Isolation of beauvericin as an insect toxin fromFusarium semitectum andFusarium moniliforme var.subglutinans. Mycopathologia 1991; 115: 185–89.
Grove JF, Pople M. The insecticidal activity of beauvericin and the enniatin complex. Mycopathologia 1980; 70: 103–5.
Tomoda H, Nishida H, Huang X, Masuma R, Kim YK, Omura S. New cyclodepsipeptides, enniatins D, E and F produced byFusarium sp. FO-1305. J Antibiotics 1992; 45: 1207–15.
Visconti A, Biais LA, ApSimon JW, Greenhalgh R, Miller JD. Production of enniatins byFusarium acuminatum andFusarium compaction in liquid culture: Isolation and characterization of three new enniatins, 62; 63 and 64. J Agric Food Chem 1992; 40: 1078–82.
Hershenhorn J, Park SH, Stierle A, Strobel GA.Fusarium avenaceum as a novel pathogen of knapweed and its phytotoxins, acetamido-butenolide and enniatin B. Plant Science 1992; 86: 155–60.
Hamill RL, Higgens CE, Boaz HE, Gorman M. The structure of beauvericin, a new depsipeptide antibiotic toxic toAnemia salina. Tetrahedron Lett 1969; 49: 4255–58.
Benardini M, Carilli A, Pacioni G, Santurbano B. Isolation of beauvericin fromPaecilomyces fitmosa-roseus. Phytotochemistry 1975; 14: 1865.
Plattner RD, Nelson PE. Production of beauvericin by a strain ofFusarium proliferatum isolated from corn fodder for swine. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60: 3894–96.
Moretti A, Logrieco A, Bottalico A, Ritieni A, Randazzo G. Production of beauvericinfrom Fusarium proliferatum from maize in Italy. Mycotoxin Res 1994; 10: 73–78.
Dorschner E, Lardy H. Specificity of ion transport induced by beauvericin. Antimicrobiol Agents Chemother 1968: 11–14.
Kobayashi H, Sunaga R, Furihata K, Morisaki N, Iwasaski S. Isolation and structure of an antifungal antibiotic, fusarielin A, and related compounds produced by aFusarium sp. J Antibiotics 1995; 48: 42–52.
Abbas HK, Mirocha CJ. Isolation and purification of a hemorrhagic factor (wortmannin) fromFusarium oxysporum (N17B). Appl Eniron Microbiol 1988; 54: 1268–74.
Abbas HK, Mirocha CJ, Shier WT, Gunther R. Bioassay, extraction, and purification procedures for wortmannin, the haemorrhagic factor produced byFusarium oxysporum N17B grown on rice. JAOAC 1992; 75: 474–80.
Brian PW, Curtis PJ, Hemming HG, Norris GLF. Wortmannin, an antibiotic produced byPenicillium wortmanni. Trans Br Mycol Soc 1957; 40: 365–68.
Miersch O, Bückner B, Schmidt J, Sembdner G. Cyclopentane fatty acids fromGibberella fujikuroi. Phytotochemistry 1992; 31: 3835–37.
Phinney BO, West CA. Gibberellins as native plant growth regulators. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 1960; 11: 411–36.
Michniewicz M. Growth regulators formed byFusaria: their significance for fungal growth, sporulation and pathogenicity towards the host plant. In: Chelkowski J (ed),Fusarium Mycotoxins, Taxonomy and Pathogenicity. Amsterdam: Elsevier Press, 1989: 227–41.
Schroeder HW, Christensen JJ. Factors affecting resistance of wheat to scab caused byGibberella zeae. Phytopathology 1963; 53: 831–38.
Miller JD, Greenhalgh R. Metabolites of fungal pathogens and plant resistance. In: Hedin PA, Meml JJ, Collingworth RM (eds). Biotechnology for Crop Protection, ACS Symposium Series 379,1988; 117–29.
Carter CJ, Cannon M, Jimanez A. A trichodermin-resistant mutant ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae with an abnormal distribution of native ribosomal subunits. Eur J Biochem 1980; 107: 173–83.
Casale WL, Hart LP. Inhibition of 3H-leucine incorporation by trichothecene mycotoxins in maize and wheat tissue. Phytopathology 1988; 78: 1673–77.
Miller JD, Young JC, Sampson DR. Deoxynivalenol and Fusarium head blight resistance in spring cereals. J Phytopathol 1985; 113: 359–67.
Kuti JO, Ng TJ, Bean GA. Possible involvement of a pathogen produced trichothecene metabolite inMyrothecium leaf spot of muskmelon. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 1989; 34: 41–54.
Miller JD. Effects ofFusarium graminearum metabolites on wheat cells. In: Graniti A, Durbin RD, Ballio A (eds), Phytotoxins and Plant Pathogenesis. NATO ASI Ser. Ser. H. Cell Biol. 1989; 27: 449–52.
Miller JD, Young JC, Trenholm HL.Fusarium toxins in field com. I. Time course of fungal growth and production of deoxynivalenol and other mycotoxins. Can J Bot 1983; 61: 3080–87.
Yoshizawa T, Onomoto C, Morooka N. Microbial acetyl conjugation of T-2 toxin and its derivatives. Appl Environ Microbiol 1980; 39: 962–66.
Richardson KE, Hagler WM, Campbell CL, Hamilton PB. Production of zearalenone, T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol byFusarium spp. isolated from plant materials grown in North Carolina. Mycopathologia 1985; 90: 155–60.
Betina V. Structure-activity relationships among mycotoxins. Chem-Biol Interact 1989; 71: 105–46.
Pace JG, Watts MR, Canterbury WJ. T-2 mycotoxin inhibits mitochondria! protein synthesis. Toxicon 1988; 26: 77–85.
McLauglin CS, Vaughan MH, Campbell IM, Wei CM, Stafford ME, Hansen BS. (1977). Inhibition of protein synthesis by trichothecenes. In: Rodricks JV, Hesseltine CW, Mehlman MA (eds), Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Health, Vol. 1. Park Forest South: Pathotox Publishers, 1977: 263–73.
Bunner DL, Morris ER. Alterations of multiple cell membrane functions in L-6 myoblasts by T-2 toxin: an important mechanism of action. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1988; 92: 113–21.
Khachatourians GG. Metabolic effects of trichothecene T-2 toxin. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1990; 68: 1004–8.
Pace JG. Effect of T-2 mycotoxin on the rat liver mitochondria electron transport system. Toxicon 1983; 21: 675–80.
Trusal LR, O’Brien JC. Ultrastructural effects of T-2 toxin on rat hepatocytesin vitro. Toxicon 1986; 24: 481–88.
Tsuchida M, Miiura T, Shimizu T, Albara K. Elevation of thiobarbituric acid levels in the rat liver intoxicated by T-2 toxin. Biochem Med 1984; 31: 147–66.
Okazaki K, Yoshizawa T, Kimura S. Cytotoxic effects of HEP-2 cells of trichothecene mycotoxins and their related macrocyelic trichothecene compounds baccharins B-4 and B-5. Chem Abstr 1987; 107: 231074w.
Phillips NJ, Goodwin JT, Fraiman A, Cole RJ, Lynn DG. Characterization of theFusarium toxin equisetin: The use of phenylboronates in structure assignment. J Am Chem Soc 1989; 111: 8223–31.
Visconti A, Solfrizzo M. Isolation, characterization, and biological activity of visoltricin, a novel metabolite ofFusarium tricinctum. J Agric Food Chem 1994; 42: 195–99.
Bacon CW, Porter JK, Norred WP. Toxic interaction of fumonisin bi and fusaric acid measured by injection into fertile egg. Mycopathologia 1995; 129: 29–35.
Hagler W, Tycskowska K, Hamilton PB. Simultaneous occurrence of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and aflatoxin in 1982 scabby wheat from the midwestern United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984; 47: 151–54.
Miller JD. The toxicological significance of mixtures of fungal toxins in food. Afr Newslett Occup Health Safety Suppl 1993; 2: 32–38.
Dowd PF, Miller JD, Greenhalgh R.Toxicity and interactions of someFusarium graminearum metabolites to caterpillars. Mycologia 1989: 646–50.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
McLean, M. The phytotoxicity ofFusarium metabolites: An update since 1989. Mycopathologia 133, 163–179 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02373024
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02373024