Abstract
The general nature of fracture in polymers, when subject to alternating loads as distinct from static or steadily increasing loads, is reviewed; and the molecular mechanisms and micromechanics aspects of the fatigue fracture process are discussed. Some attention is given to thermal fatigue, where fracture results primarily from a large specimen temperature rise due to hysteresis heating. However, primary emphasis is devoted to mechanical fatigue, in which fracture is a result of initiation and propagation of a crack, as a result of the periodic nature of the applied load.
Attention is given to the important internal, or material, variables such as polymer structure, molecular weight, crosslinking, and filler or diluent type and content; and to significant external variables such as stress or stress intensity factor amplitude, mean stress, temperature, frequency and environment. Various methods that can be utilized to provide significant degrees of enhancement in the fatigue resistance of polymers are outlined and discussed.
Résumée
On passe en revue la nature générale de la rupture dans les polymeres lorsqu'ils sont sujets à des contraintes alternées en contraste par rapport à des contraintes statiques on croissantes de manière régulière. On discute également les mécanismes moléculaires et les aspects micromécaniques qui prennent place dans le processus de rupture par fatigue. Une attention particuliere est accodée à la fatigue thermique où les résultens de fatigue résultent principalement d'une élévation sensible de la température de l'éprouvette en raison du chauffage par hystérèse. Cependant,l'accent est principalement consacré à la fatigue mécanique dans lequel la rupture est le résultat d'un amorçage et d'une propagation d'une fissure tels qu'ils resultent de la nature périodique des charges appliquées.
On accorde une attention particulière à des variables importantes internes ou caractéristiques du matériau telles que la structure du polymère, le poids moléculaire, les liaisons et le type et contenu des agents de dilution. Des variables externes significatives telles que la contrainte ou 1'amplitude du facteur d'intensité de contrainte, la contrainte moyenne, la température, la fréquence et l'environnement sont également pris en considération. Des méthodes variées susceptibles d'être utilisées en vue d'accroitre de manière significative la résistance à la fatigue des polymères sont mis en avant et sont discutés.
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Sauer, J.A., Richardson, G.C. Fatigue of polymers. Int J Fract 16, 499–532 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02265215
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02265215