Summary
Normal ECG values were determined using computer-assisted measurement of the ECGs of 2,141 white children aged 0 to 16 years divided into 12 age groups.
These values are plotted on graphs containing the second, fifth, 25th, 50th, 75th, 95th, and 98th percentiles for each age group. This provides a convenient, fast, and practical method for comparing the values found in a given ECG with those found in a normal population, taking into account the evolution of ECG patterns with age.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Boyd E:The Growth of the Surface Area of Human Body. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1935
Elliot LP, Taylor J, Schiebler GL: Combined ventricular hypertrophy in infancy: Vectorcardiographic observations with special reference to the Katz-Wachtel phenomenon.Am J Cardiol 11:164–172, 1963
Frank E: An accurate, clinically practical system for spatial vectorcardiography.Circulation 13:737–749, 1956
Katz LN, Wachtel H: The diphasic QRS type of electrocardiogram in congenital heart disease.Am Heart J 13:202–206, 1937
Keith JD, Row RD, Vlad P:Heart Disease in Infancy and Childhood. New York, MacMillan Publishing Co, 1978, p 59
Krovetz LJ, Gessner IH, Schiebler GL:Handbook of Pediatric Cardiology. New York, Harper & Row Publishers, 1969, p 93
Liebman J: The normal electrocardiogram in newborns and infants (a critical review), in Cassels DE, Ziegler RF (eds):Electrocardiography in Infants and Children. New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1966
Liebman J, Plonsey R: Electrocardiography, in Moss AJ, Adams F, Emmanoulides GC (eds):Heart Disease in Infants, Children and Adolescents, ed 2. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1978, pp 18–61
McCammon RW: A longitudinal study of electrocardiographic intervals in healthy children.Acta Paediatrica 50(suppl 126):3–54, 1961
Nadas AS, Fyler DC:Pediatric Cardiology, ed 3. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1972, p 668
Namin EP: Pediatric electrocardiography and vectorcardiography, in Gasul BM, Arcilla RA, Lev M (eds):Heart Disease in Children: Diagnosis and Treatment. Philadelphia, JB Lippincott Co, 1966, p 111
Namin EP, Miller RA: The normal electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram in children, in Cassels DE, Ziegler RF (eds):Electrocardiography in Infants and Children. New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1966, p 105
Rautaharju PM, Davignon A, Soumis F, Boiselle E, Choquette A: Evolution of QRS-T relationship from birth to adolescence in Frank-lead orthogonal electrocardiograms of 1,492 normal children.Circulation, 60:196–204, 1979
Rauthaharju PM, Seale D, Prineas R, Wolf H, Warren J: Changing electrocardiographic recording technology and diagnostic accuracy of myocardial infarction criteria: Improved standards for evaluation of ECG measurement precision.J Electrocardiol 11:321–330, 1978
Rosen IL, Gardberg M: The electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram of the normal infant.Dis Chest 32:493–519, 1957
Simonson E:Differentiation Between Normal and Abnormal in Electrocardiography. St. Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1961
Smith RE, Hyde CM: Computer analysis of the electrocardiogram in clinical practice, in Manning GW, Ahuja SP (eds):Electrical Activity of the Heart. Springfield, Illinois, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1969, p 305
Vaughan VC:Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, Vaughan VC, McKay RJ (eds).Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co., 1975, pp 39-48
Ziegler RF:Electrocardiographic Studies in Normal Infants and Children. Springfield, Illinois, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1951
Ziegler RF: Introduction and clinical application, in Cassels DE, Ziegler RF (eds):Electrocardiography in Infants and Children. New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1966, p 1
Ziegler RF: The importance of positive T-waves in the right precordial electrocardiogram during the first year of life.Am Heart J 52:533–564, 1956
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Supported in part by the Medical Research Council of Canada, the Canadian Heart Foundation (Québec division), la Fondation Justine-Lacoste-Beaubien, L'Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, and the Macdonald Stewart Foundation.
For reprints ofPercentile Charts on pages 133 to 152, address requests to: Ms. Sandra Whisler, Promotion Department, Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Davignon, A., Rautaharju, P., Boisselle, E. et al. Normal ECG standards for infants and children. Pediatr Cardiol 1, 123–131 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02083144
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02083144