Abstract
Under a 16:8 hr light-dark photoperiod and 20†C constant temperature, the titers of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11–14:Ac), (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11–14:Ac) and (Z)-11-tetradecenol (Z11–14:OH) produced by different-agedChoristoneura rosaceana virgin females varied significantly during the scotophase, with the maximum titer occurring before the onset of calling in day-0 and day-3 females, while in day-5 females the titer remained constant throughout the calling period. There was a significant decrease in the titer of all pheromone components with age, explaining the lesser attractiveness of day-5 females relative to day-0 and day-3 females observed in the field. Under a cold thermocycle simulating condition during the second flight period in the fall, the titers of all pheromone components did not vary with time of day. There was a significant decrease in the amount ofZ11–14:Ac with age but no changes occurred in the minor components. Furthermore, for any given age tested, the amount of each component produced during the period of maximal calling activity remained relatively similar at the two temperature regimes. However, as with the expression of calling behavior, pheromone production was initiated earlier at cooler than at warmer temperatures. At both temperature regimes, female age and time of day influenced the ratio of each pheromone component. These results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that by calling earlier, less attractive older females may increase their probability of mating.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Aliniazee, M.T., andStafford, E.M. 1971. Evidence of a sex pheromone in the omnivorous leaf roller,Platynota stultana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Laboratory and field testing of male attraction to virgin females.Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 64:1330–1335.
Babilis, N.A., andMazomenos, B.E. 1992. Pheromone production inSesamia nonagrioides: Diel periodicity and effect of age and mating.J. Insect Physiol. 38:561–564.
Baker, T.C., andCardé, R.T. 1979. Endogenous and exogenous factors affecting periodicities of female calling and male sex pheromone response inGrapholitha molesta (Busck.).J. Insect. Physiol. 25:943–950.
Baker, J.L., Hill, A.S., andRoelofs, W.L. 1988. Seasonal variations in pheromone trap catches of male omnivorous leafroller moths,Platynota stultana. Environ. Entomol. 7:399–401.
Barrer, P., Lacey, M.J., andShani, A. 1987. Variation in relative quantities of airborne sex pheromone components from individual femaleEphestia cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).J. Chem. Ecol. 13:639–653.
Bestmann, H.J. Erler, J., andVosrowsky, O. 1988. Determination of diel periodicity of sex pheromone release in three species of Lepidoptera by “closed loop stripping,”Experientia 44:797–799.
Bjostad, L.B., Gaston, L.K., andShorey, H.H. 1980. Temporal pattern of sex-pheromone release by femaleTrichoplusia ni.J. Insect Physiol. 26:493–498.
Cardé, R.T., Comeau, A., Baker, T.C., andRoelofs, W.L. 1975. Moth mating periodicity: Temperature regulates the circadian gate.Experientia 31:46–48.
Charlton, R.E., andCardé, R.T. 1982. Rate and diel periodicity of pheromone emission from female gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) determined with a glass-adsorption collection system.J. Insect Physiol. 28:423–430.
Coffelt, J.A., Sower, L.L., andVick, K.W. 1978. Quantitative analysis of identified compounds in pheromone gland rinses ofPlodia interpunctella andEphestia cautella at different times of day.Environ. Entomol. 7:502–505.
Collins, R.D., andCardeé, R.T. 1985. Variation in and heritability of aspects of pheromone production in the pink bollworm moth,Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 78:229–234.
Delisle, J. 1992a. Age-related changes in the calling behaviour and the attractiveness of oblique-banded leafroller virgin females,Choristoneura rosacana, under different constant and fluctuating temperature conditions.Entomol. Exp. App. 63:55–62.
Delisle, J. 1992b. Monitoring the seasonal male flight activity ofChoristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in eastern Canada using virgin females and several different pheromone blends.Environ. Entomol. 21:1007–1012.
Delisle, J., andMcNeil, J.N. 1986. The effect of photoperiod on the calling behaviour of virgin females of the true armyworm,Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).J. Insect Physiol. 32:199–206.
Delisle, J., andMcNeil, J.N. 1987a. Calling behaviour and pheromone titer of the true armywormPseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under different temperature and photoperiod conditions.J. Insect. Physiol. 33:315–324.
Delisle, J., andMcNeil, J.N. 1987b. The combined effect of photoperiod and temperature on the calling behaviour of the true armyworm,Pseudaletia unipuncta.Physiol. Entomol. 12:157–164.
Dunkelblum, E., andKehat, M. 1992. Sexual behaviour ofHeliothis peltigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Bull. Entomol. Res. 82:13–17.
Dunkelblum, E., Kehat, M., Harel, M., andGordon, D. 1987. Sexual behaviour and pheromone titer of theSpodoptera littoralis female moth.Entomol. Exp. Appl. 44:241–247.
Flint, H.M. Smith, R.L., Forey, D.E., andHorn, B.R. 1977. Pink bollworm: Response of males to (Z,Z-) and (Z, E-) isomers of gossyplure.Environ. Entomol. 6:274–275.
Giebultowicz, J.M., Raina, A.K., andUebel, E.C. 1990. Mated-like behaviour in senescent virgin females of gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar.J. Insect Physiol. 36:495–498.
Giebultowicz, J.M., Webb, R.E., Raina, A.K., andRidgway, R.L. 1992. Effects of temperature and age on daily changes in pheromone titer in laboratory-reared and wild gypsy moths (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae).Environ. Entomol. 21:822–826.
Grant, G.G., Slessor, K.N., Szittner, R.B., Morse, D., andMeighen, E.A. 1982. Development of a bioluminescence assay for aldehyde pheromones of insects. II. Analysis of pheromone glands.J. Chem. Ecol. 8:923–933.
Han, E.-N., andGatehouse, A.G. 1991. Effect of temperature and photoperiod on the calling behaviour of a migratory insect, the oriental armywormMythimna separata.Physiol. Entomol. 16:419–427.
Haynes, K.F., Gaston, L.K., Mistrot Pope, T.C., andBaker, T.C. 1983. Rate and periodicity of pheromone release from individual female artichoke plume moths,Platyptilia carduidactyla (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae).Environ. Entomol. 12:1597–1600.
Heath, R.R., McLaughlin, J.R., Proshold, F., andTeal, P.E.A. 1991. Periodicity of female sex pheromone titer and release inHeliothis subflexa andH. virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 84:182–189.
Hill, A.S., andRoelofs, W.L. 1979. Sex pheromone components of the oblique-banded leafroller moth,Choristoneura rosaceana.J. Chem. Ecol. 5:3–11.
Hunt, R.E., andHaynes, K.F. 1990. Periodicity in the quantity and blend ratios of pheromone components in glands and volatile emissions of mutant and normal cabbage looper mothsTrichoplusia ni.J. Insect Physiol. 10:769–774.
Konno, Y. 1986. Time-lag between sex pheromone content and the calling behavior in the yellow peach moth,Conogethes punctiferalis (Quenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).Appl. Entomol. Zool. 21:622–624.
Kou, R. 1992. Calling behavior and pheromone titer in the smaller tea tortrix moth,Adoxophyes sp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).J. Chem. Ecol. 18:855–861.
Kou, R., andChow Y.-S. 1987. Calling behaviour of the cotton bollworm,Heliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 80:490–493.
Lawrence, L.A., andBartell, R.J. 1972. The effect of age on calling behaviour of virgin females ofEpiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera) and on their pheromone content and ovarian development.Entomol. Exp. Appl. 15:455–464.
Linn, C.E., andRoelofs, W.L. 1983. Effect of varying proportions of the alcohol component on sex pheromone blend discrimination in male Oriental fruit moths.Physiol. Entomol. 8:291–306.
Linn, C.E., andRoelofs, W.L. 1988. Temperature modulation of behavioural thresholds controlling male moth sex pheromone response specificity.Physiol. Entomol. 13:59–67.
Löfstedt, C., Lanne, B.S., Lofqvist, J., Appelgren, M., andBergstrom, G. 1985. Individual variation in the pheromone of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum.J. Chem. Ecol. 11:1181–1196.
Martinez, T., andCamps, F. 1988. Stimulation of sex pheromone production by head extract inSpodoptera littoralis at different times of the photoperiod.Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 211–220.
Mbata, G.N., andRamaswamy, S.B. 1990. Rhythmicity of sex pheromone content in femaleHeliothis virescens: Impact of mating.Physiol. Entomol. 15:423–432.
Mbata, G.N., andRamaswamy, S.B. 1991. Relationship between pheromone titer and mating inHeliothis virescens (F.) (Lep., Noctuidae).J. Appl. Entomol. 111:237–242.
McNeil, J.N. 1991. Behavioral ecology of pheromone-mediated communication in moths and its importance in the use of pheromone traps.Annu. Rev. Entomol. 36:407–430.
Miller, J.R., andRoelofs, W.L. 1977. Sex pheromone titer correlated with pheromone gland development and age in the redbanded leafroller moth,Argyrotaenia velutinana.Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 70:136–139.
Miller, J.R., andRoelofs, W.L. 1980. Individual variation in sex pheromone component ratios in two populations of the redbanded leafroller moth,Argyrotaenia velutinana.Environ. Entomol. 9:359–363.
Mistrot Pope, M., Gaston, L.K., andBaker, T.C. 1982. Composition, quantification, and periodicity of sex pheromone gland volatiles from individualHeliothis virescens females.J. Chem. Ecol. 8:1043–1055.
Morse, D., Szittner, R., Grant, G.G., andMeighen, E.A. 1982. Rate of pheromone release by individual spruce budworm moths.J. Insect Physiol. 28:863–866.
Ono, T., Charlton, R.E., andCardé, R.T. 1990. Variability in pheromone composition and periodicity of pheromone titer in potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea opercullella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).J. Chem. Ecol. 16:531–542.
Raina, A.K., Klun, W.H., andStadelbacher, E.A. 1986. Diel periodicity and effect of age and mating on female sex pheromone titer inHeliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 79:128–131.
Raina, A.K., Davis, J.C., andStadelbacher, E.A. 1991. Sex pheromone production and calling inHelicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Effect of temperature and light.Environ. Entomol. 20:1451–1456.
Ramaswamy, S.B., andCardé, R.T. 1984. Rate of release of spruce budworm pheromone from virgin females and synthetic lures.J. Chem. Ecol. 10:1–7.
Ramaswamy, S.B., Ma, P.W.K.A., andPitre, H.N. 1988. Calling rhythm and pheromone titers inSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lep., Noctuidae) from Mississippi and Honduras.J. Appl. Entomol. 106:90–96.
Sanders, C.J., andLucuick, G.S. 1972. Factors affecting calling by female eastern spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).Can. Entomol. 104:1751–1762.
SAS Institute. 1990. SAS User's Guide: Basics. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
Schal, C., Charlton, R.E., andCardé, R.T. 1987. Temporal patterns of sex pheromone titers and release rates inHolomelina lamae (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae).J. Chem. Ecol. 13:1115–1129.
Sekul, A.A., andCox, H.C. 1967. Response of males to the female sex pheromone of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): a laboratory evaluation.Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 60:691–693.
Shorey, H.H., andHale, R.L. 1965. Mass rearing of the larvae of nine noctuid species on a simple artificial medium.J. Econ. Entomol. 58:522–524.
Snedecor, G.W., andCochran, W.G. 1967. Statistical Methods, 6 ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames.
Snir, R., Dunkelblum, E., Gothild, S., andHarpaz, I. 1986. Sexual behaviour and pheromone titer in the tomato looper,Plusia chalcites (Esp.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).J. Insect. Physiol. 32:735–739.
Sower, L.L., andFish, J.C. 1975. Rate of release of the sex pheromone of the female Indian meal moth.Environ. Entomol. 4:168–169.
Struble, D.L., andJacobson, L.A. 1970. A sex pheromone in the red-backed cutworm.J. Econ. Entomol. 63:841–844.
Struble, D.L., Jacobson, M., Green, N., andWarthen, J.D. 1975. Bertha armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Detection of a sex pheromone and the stimulatory effect of some synthetic chemicals.Can. Entomol. 107:355–359.
Subchev, M.A. 1983. Effect of age, temperature, photoperiod and light on the calling ofMamestra brassicae L. females.Ekologyia (Sofia) 12:65–75.
Swaby, J.A., Daterman, G.E., andSower, L.L. 1987. Mating behavior of Douglas-fir tussock moth,Orgyia pseudotsugata (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), with special reference to effects of female age.Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 80:47–50.
Swier, S.R., Rings, R.W., andMusick, G.J. 1977. Age-related calling behavior of the black cutworm,Agrotis ipsilon.Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 70:919–924.
Tang, J.D., Charlton, R.E., Cardé, R.T., andYin, C.M. 1992. Diel periodicity and influence of age and mating on sex pheromone titer in gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (L.).J. Chem. Ecol. 18:749–760.
Traynier, R.M.M. 1970. Sexual behaviour of the mediterranean flour moth,Anagasta kühniella: Some influences of age, photoperiod, and light intensity.Can. Entomol. 102:534–540.
Turgeon, J.J., andMcNeil, J.N. 1982. Calling behaviour of the armyworm,Pseudaletia unipuncta.Entomol. Exp. Appl. 31:402–408.
Turgeon, J.J., andMcNeil, J.N. 1983. Modifications of the calling behaviour ofPseudaletia unipuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), induced by temperature conditions during pupal and adult development.Can. Entomol. 115:1015–1022.
Vakenti, J.M., Gaunce, A.P., Slessor, K.N., King, S., Allan, A., Madsen, H.F., andBorden, J.H. 1988. Sex pheromone components of the obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana in the Okanagan valley of British Columbia.J. Chem. Ecol. 14:605–621.
Valles, S.M., Heath, R.R., andCapinera, J.L. 1992. Production and release of sex pheromone byDiaphania nitidalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Periodicity, age, and density effects.Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 85:731–735.
Webster, R.P., andCardé, R.T. 1982. Relationships among pheromone titer, calling and age in the omnivorous leafroller moth (Platynota stultana).J. Insect. Physiol. 28:925–933.
Werner, R.A. 1977. Behavioral responses of the spear-marked black moth,Rheumaptera hastata, to a female-produced sex pheromone.Ann. Etomol. Soc. Am. 70:84–86.
Witzgall, P., andFrérot, B. 1989. Pheromone emission by individual females of carnation tortrix,Cacoecimorpha pronubana.J. Chem. Ecol. 15:707–717.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Delisle, J., Royer, L. Changes in pheromone titer of oblique-banded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana, virgin females as a function of time of day, age, and temperature. J Chem Ecol 20, 45–69 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02065990
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02065990