Zusammenfassung
Nanga Parbat Konvergenz im nordwestlichen Himalaya ist eine noch im Wachsen begriffene nach Norden streichende antiformale Struktur im Krustenmaßstab. In ihrem Inneren wurden Gneisse der Indischen Platte aus der Nähe der überschobenen Gesteine des Kohistan Inselbogens herausgehoben. Isotopen- und Spaltspurengeochronologie zeigen, daß das Heraushebungsmaß innerhalb der Konvergenz zu der heutigen Rate von > 6 mm/a angestiegen ist. Die Heraushebung hat sich angepaßt an die Kombination von initialer NW-vergenter Überschiebung auf den westlichen Konvergenzrand, die gefolgt wurde von einer krustalen Faltung und lateral von dextraler antithetischer Verwerfung des westlichen Randes. Diese Deckenüberschiebung, Faltung und Verwerfung ist das Resultat der Deformation des nordwestlichen Ausstriches der Himalaya-Hauptüberschiebung, wo sie in Wechselwirkung mit der SSE-vergenten Überschiebung des NW-Himalayas steht.
Abstract
The Nanga Parbat syntaxis, in the NW Himalaya, is a still growing crustal-scale north-trending antiformal structure in the core of which Indian Plate gneisses have been uplifted from beneath the overthrust rocks of the Kohistan island arc. Isotopic and fission track geochronology show that uplift rates within the syntaxis have increased to present day rates of > 6 mm/yr. Uplift has been accommodated by a combination of initial northwest verging thrusting on the western margin of the syntaxis, followed by crustal scale folding within the syntaxis and latterly by dextral reverse faulting on the western margin. This thrusting, folding and faulting is the effect of deformation at the north-western lateral tips of the main Himalayan thrusts where they interfere with the south-southeast verging thrusts of the northwest Himalaya.
Résumé
La convergence du Nanga Parbat, dans le nordouest de l'Himalaya, est une structure antiforme d'orientation nord-sud, d'échelle crustale et toujours active; son cœur est occupé par des gneiss de la plaque indienne qui ont été soulevés à travers les roches charriées de l'arc insulaire du Kohistan. Les données géochronologiques obtenues à partir des isotopes et des traces de fission montrent que le taux de soulèvement a augmenté dans cette structure jusqu'à la valeur actuelle de plus de 6 mm/an. Le soulèvement s'est effectué par la combinaison d'un charriage initial, à vergence nordouest, sur la bordure ouest de la convergence, suivi d'un plissement d'échelle crustale dans la convergence et, latéralement, d'une fracturation par faille dextre inverse sur sa bordure ouest. Ce charriage, ce plissement et cette fracturation sont l'expression de la déformation à l'extrémité latérale nord-ouest des charriages principaux de l'Himalaya, où ils interfèrent avec les charriages à vergence sud- sud-est de l'Himalaya septentrional.
Краткое содержание
Конвергенция Панда П арбат в северозападн ых Гималаях является вс е еще расширяющейся и простирающейся на с евер антиформальной структурой в размерн остях Земной коры. Гнейсы индостанской плиты, залегающие внутри ее, оказались п однятыми надвигами пород островной дуги Кигистан, расположен ными вблизи. Данные, получе нные при исследовании изотоп ного состава и следов трещин, указывают на то, что по днятие в конвергенци и шло тогда с той же скор остью, что и сегодня, т.е. более 6 мм/а. Это поднятие соответ ствует исходному надвигу, пр оявляющему вергенцию на NW, на запад ном краю схождения, за которым следовало смятие пород в складки, и боковому пр авостороннему антик линальному сбросу западного кра я. Названный надвиг кровли, смятие в складки и сброс являются следствием деформации североза падного простирания основно го надвига Гималаев, где отмечае тся взаимодействие е го с опрокинутым на SSE надви гом северозападных Гималаев.
Article PDF
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Bhanot, V. B., Singh, V. P., Kansal, A. K. &Thakur, V. C. (1977): Early Proterozoic Rb-Sr whole rock age for the Central Crystalline Gneiss of the Higher Himalaya, Kumaun. - J. Geol. Soc. India,18, 90–91.
Bossart, P., Dietrich, D., Greco, A., Ottiger, R. &Ramsay, J. G. (1988): The tectonic structure of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis, southern Himalayas, Pakistan. - Tectonics,7, 273–297.
—,Ottiger, R. &Heller, F. (1990): Rock magnetic proper-ties and structural developments in the core of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis, NE Pakistan. - Tectonics,9, 103–121.
Brunel, M. (1986): Ductile thrusting in the Himalayas: ductile thrusting and shear sense criteria. - Tectonics,5, 247–265.
Burbank, D. W. (1983): The chronology of intermontane basin development in the northwestern Himalaya and the evolution of the Northwest syntaxis. - Earth Planet. Sci. Letts.,64, 77–92.
— &Beck, R. A. (1989): Early Pliocene uplift of the Salt Range; temporal constraints on thrust wedge development, northwest Himalaya, Pakistan. - Geol. Soc. Amer. Sp. Paper,232, 113–128.
Butler, R. W. H. &Prior, D. J. (1988a): Tectonics controls on the uplift of Nanga Parbat, Pakistan Himalayas. - Nature,333, 247–250.
— &Prior, D. J. (1988b): Anatomy of a continental subduction zone. - Geol. Rundschau,77, 239–255.
—, — &Knipe, R. J. (1989): Neotectonics of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis, Pakistan, and crustal stacking in the north-west Himalaya. - Earth Planet. Sci. Letts.,94, 329–343.
Chamberlain, C. P., Zeitler, P. K. &Jan, M. Q. (1989a): The dynamics of the suture between the Kohistan island arc and the Indian Plate in the Himalaya of Pakistan. - J. Metamorphic. geol.,7, 135–149.
—,Jan, M. Q. &Zeitler, P. K. (1989b): A pretrologic record of the collision between the Kohistan island arc and Indian plate, northwest Himalaya. - Geol. Soc. Amer. Sp. Paper,232, 23–32.
Coward, M. P. (1986): A section through the Nanga Parbat syntaxis, Indus valley, Kohistan. - Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar,18, 147–152.
— &Butler, R. W. H. (1985): Thrust tectonics and the deep structure of the Pakistan Himalaya. - Geology,13, 417–420.
—,Windley, B. E, Broughton, R. D., Luff, I. W., Petterson, M. G., Pudsey, C. J., Rex, D. C. &Khan, M. A. (1986): Collision tectonics in the NW Himalayas.- Geol. Soc. London. Sp. Publ,19, 203–219.
Duroy, Y, Farah, A. &Lillie, R. J. (1989): Subsurface densities and lithospheric flexure of the Himalayan foreland in Pakistan. - Geol. Soc. Amer. Sp. Paper,232, 217–236.
Jackson, J. &Yielding, G. (1983): The seismicity of Kohistan, Pakistan: source studies of the Hamran (1972.9.3), Darel (1981.9.12) and Patan (1974.12.28) earthquakes. - Tectonophysics,91, 15–28.
Kazmi, A. H., Lawrence, R. D., Dawood, H., Snee, L. W. &Hussain, S. S. (1984): Geology of the Indus suture zone in the Mingora-Shangla area of Swat, N. Pakistan. - Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar.,17, 127–144.
Klootwijk, C. T, Conaghan, P. J. &Powell, C. McA. (1985): The Himalayan arc; large scale continental subduction, oroclinal bending and backarc spreading. - Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.,75, 167–183.
Lawrence, R. D. &Ghauri, A. A. K. (1983): Evidence of active faulting in Chilas district, northern Pakistan. - Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar,16, 185–186.
Le Fort, P., Debon, F. &Sonet, J. (1980): The Lesser Himalayan cordierite granite belt, typology and age of the pluton of Mansehra. - Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar,13, 51–62.
Madin, I. P., Lawrence, R. D. &Ur-Rehman, S. (1989): The northwestern Nanga Parbat - Haramosh massif: evidence for crustal uplift at the northwestern corner of the Indian craton. - Geol. Soc. Amer. Sp. Paper,232, 169–182.
Owen, L. A. (1989): Neotectonics and glacial deformation in the Karakorum Mountains and Nanga Parbat Himalaya.- Tectonophysics,163, 227–265.
Seeber, L. &Armbruster, J. G. (1979): Seismicity in the Hazara arc in northern Pakistan: décollement versus basement faulting. - In: Farah, A. and De Jong, K. (eds)., » Geodynamics of Pakistan «, Geol. Surv. Pakistan. Quetta., 131–142.
—, — &Quittmeyer, R. C. (1981): Seismicity and continental subduction in the Himalayan arc. - Am. Geophys. Union. Geodyn. Ser.,5, 215–242.
Treloar, P. J., Rex, D. C., Guise, P. G., Coward, M. P., Searle, M. P., Petterson, M. G., Windley, B. F., Jan, M. Q. &Luff, I. W. (1989a): K-Ar and Ar-Ar geochronology of the Himalayan collision in NW Pakistan: constraints on the timing of collision, deformation, metamorphism and uplift.- Tectonics,8, 881–909.
—,Coward, M. P., Williams, M. P. &Khan, M. A. (1989b): Basement cover imbrication south of the Main Mantle Thrust, North Pakistan. - Geol. Soc. Amer. Sp. Paper,232, 137–152.
—,Broughton, R. D., Williams, M. P., Coward, M. P. &Windley, B. F. (1989c): Deformation, metamorphism and imbrication of the Indian Plate south of the Main Mantle Thrust, North Pakistan. - J. Metamorphic Geol.,7, 111–125.
—,Williams, M. P. &Coward, M. P. (1989d): Metamorphism and crustal stacking in the north Indian Plate, North Pakistan. -Tectonophysics,165, 167–184.
—,Brodie, K. H., Coward, M. P., Jan, M. Q., Khan, M. A., Knipe, R. J., Rex, D. C. &Williams, M. P. (1990): The evolution of the Kamila Shear Zone, Kohistan, Pakistan. - In: Salisbury, M. H. and Fountain, D. M. (eds). »Exposed sections through the deep crust«, Kluwer Academic Press, Amsterdam. NATO ASI Series C317, 175–214.
Trivedi, J. R., Gopalan, K. &Valdiya, K. S. (1984): Rb-Sr ages of granitic rocks within the Lesser Himalayan nappes, Kumaun, India. - J. Geol. Soc. India,25, 641–654.
Valdiya, K. S. (1988): Tectonics and evolution of the central sector of the Himalaya. - Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London. Ser. A.,326, 151–175.
Verplank, P. C., Snee, L. W. &Lund, K. (1985): The boundary between the Nanga Parbat massif and Ladakh island arc terrane, northern Pakistan; a cross fault on the Main Mantle Thrust. - [abstract] EOS,66, 1074.
Wadia, D. N. (1931): The syntaxis of the northwest Himalaya: its rocks, tectonics and orogeny. - Rec. Geol. Surv. India,65, 189–220.
— (1932): Note on the geology of Nanga Parbat (Mt. Diamir) and adjoining portions of Chilas, Gilgit district, Kashmir. - Rec. Geol. Surv. India,66, 212–234.
Zeitler, P. K. (1985): Cooling history of the NW Himalaya. - Tectonics,4, 127–151.
—,Sutter, J. F., Williams, I. S., Zartman, R. &Tahirkelli, R. A. K. (1989): Geochronology and temperature history of the Nanga Parbat — Haramosh massif, Pakistan. - Geol. Soc. Amer. Sp. Paper,232, 1–22.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Treloar, P.J., Potts, G.J., Wheeler, J. et al. Structural evolution and asymmetric uplift of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis, Pakistan Himalya. Geol Rundsch 80, 411–428 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01829374
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01829374