Zusammenfassung
Diese Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über quantitative Angaben zum Einfluß von Wasservögeln auf Süßwasserfisch-Populationen durch Prädation. Wirtschaftliche Schäden (= Schmälerung von Fischereierträgen) kommen in der Regel nur in Teichwirtschaften vor, wo Graureiher auch bei adäquater Bewirtschaftung etwa 0,4–8 % der Produktion abschöpfen können, Kormorane unter besonderen Umständen 20–>50 %. Schätzwerte durch Teichwirte liegen häufig zu hoch, weil die gesamte Fischmortalität den Wasservögeln angelastet wird. Für Seen sind weder wirtschaftliche noch ökologische Schäden (= negativer Einfluß auf die Populationsdynamik) bekannt, auch wenn nur in wenigen Fällen die im See vorhandene Fischbiomasse ermittelt werden konnte. In jenen Beispielen schöpften die Wasservögel bei den meisten Fischarten nur wenige Prozent, im Maximum 36 % der Biomasse ab. Meistens liegt der Fischereiertrag 10–20mal höher als der Verbrauch der Wasservögel (Tab. 1). Selbst auf Seen mit hohen Kormorandichten beträgt er das 4–12fache des Verzehrs der Kormorane, wobei sogar seine jährlichen Schwankungen ein Mehrfaches des Kormoranverbrauchs ausmachen können. Wasservögel bejagen zudem häufig fischereilich uninteressante Massenarten, was sich für die Bestände kommerziell wichtiger Fische möglicherweise sogar fördernd auswirken kann. Auch für natürliche Fließgewässer deuten die quantitativen Befunde trotz etwas höheren Prädationsraten als auf Seen (Tab. 2) darauf hin, dass die Prädation durch Graureiher, Kormorane und Säger weitgehend im Bereich der kompensatorischen Mortalität auf die Fischpopulationen einwirkt. Die wenigen Hinweise auf zusätzliche (= additive) Mortalität mit Einbußen für die Fischerei stammen von stark verbauten Flüssen und Bächen. Insgesamt sind die Räuber-Beute-Beziehungen zwischen Wasservögeln und Süßwasserfischen aber ungenügend erforscht, und besonders die hervorragenden experimentellen Möglichkeiten bei Fischteichen wurden noch kaum genutzt.
Summary
This paper reviews quantitative data on the effects of waterfowl predation on freshwater fish stocks. Economical damage (i. e. reduction of the yield) is usually confined to fish farms. Grey Herons may take some 0.4–8 % of the production of efficiently managed farms, whereas Cormorants can be responsible for losses of 20 % to >50 % under certain circumstances. The influence of birds is often overestimated by fish farmers if they do not separate predation from other causes of mortality. Neither economical nor ecological damage (i. e. negative influence on the population resulting in long-term decline) have been reported from lakes, although total fish stocks were rarely assessed. In these cases, waterfowl took less than 5 % of the biomass of most fish species; under brackish conditions the maximum was 36 %. Commercial catches are often 10–20 times higher than the consumption by the main avian predators (tab. 1). Even on Central European lakes with high Cormorant densities, fishermen take 4–12 times as much as the Cormorants, and annual variations in the catch can amount to a multiple of the bird consumption (fig. 1). Moreover, waterbirds often prey upon commercially unimportant and abundant fish and may therefore reduce competitive pressure on commercial species. Predation rates in streams and rivers are usually higher than in lakes, but in most cases the avian predation does not seem to exceed the range of compensatory mortality. The few reports of waterbirds apparently responsible for added mortality (thus competing with fisheries), mostly refer to canalised rivers with inadequate structural properties for the high fish populations they are stocked with. Altogether predator-prey relationships between waterbirds and freshwater fish remain little studied. Possibilities of fishponds for conducting experiments have particularly been underused.
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Suter, W. Der Einfluß fischfressender Vogelarten auf Süßwasserfisch-Bestände — eine Übersicht. J Ornithol 132, 29–45 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01640524
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01640524