Kurzfassung
Die Bildung nervöser, hormonaler und zirkulatorischer Systeme hat im Verlauf der Evolution durch die Entwicklung homöostatischer Feed-back-Systeme zu thermischer Unabhängigkeit vom Klima (Poikilothermie) geführt. Es lassen sich zwei Arten der Temperaturkompensation unterscheiden, die vonPrecht Leistungs- und Resistenzadaptation (Thermostabilität nachUshakov) genannt werden. Bei Betrachtung des intraspezifischen Niveaus dieser Adaptationen ergeben sich mehrere ungelöste Fragen. Diese werden anhand von Vorstellungen, denen eigene Arbeiten an eurythermen Süßwasserfischen(Lepomis gibbosus, Carassius carassius) zugrunde liegen, erörtert: (1) Die genetische Basis der Leistungs- und Resistenzadaptation beruht teilweise auf unterschiedlichen Selektionsvorgängen. (2) Den Akklimationsunterschieden, die hinsichtlich der Letaltemperaturen isolierter Gewebe und Organe gefunden werden, kann oft keine ökologische Bedeutung zugeordnet werden im Gegensatz zu den entsprechenden Verhältnissen im Ganztier. Der letztgenannte Gesichtspunkt basiert auch aufUshakovs Studien sowie den Experimenten vonBaslow &Nigrelli, nach denen die Temperaturgrenzen der Cholinesterase-Aktivität des Gehirns vonFundulus teilweise homöostatische Regulationen der Leistungsadaptation widerspiegeln. Meines Erachtens erfordert eine Beantwortung dieser Fragen die Erfassung des relativen Ausmaßes systemischer Wechselwirkungen bei verschiedenen größeren Tiergruppen und eine Untersuchung der Adaptationseigenschaften verschiedener Zelltypen lebender Tiere, in welchen die zellulären Aktivitäten systemischen Wechselwirkungen unterworfen sind.
Summary
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1.
This discussion is based upon the assumption that the invention of multicellularity and the subsequent elaboration of nervous, hormonal and circulatory systems has led to an increasing degree of thermal independence from climate for poikilotherms by the evolution of homeostatic feedback systems.
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2.
Systemic dominance in homeostasis has been considered in relation to metabolic compensations in the respiration of the sunfish,Lepomis gibbosus, the crucian carp,Carassius carassius, and selected tissues (brain, gill, muscle) following adaptation to various temperatures and photoperiods. Uncoupled respiration has also been examined in sunfish brain and gill tissues following treatment with 2, 4-dinitrophenol. A poor type 3 trend (statistically unsupported) was found to be upset by uncoupling and was followed by a probable type 5 response.
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3.
Comparisons were made (at 20° C) between day and night respiration rates of crucian carp acclimated to 5°, 12° and 20° C. These suggest that the inverse compensation of the fish (type 5) is a behavioral adaptation to special winter conditions, perhaps hibernation.
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4.
Some of the problems concerned with deriving ecological meaning from experiments on resistance and capacity adaptations in isolated cells and tissues have been discussed. The suggestion is made that means be developed to expand studies in which adaptation characteristics of cell types can be examined within living animals.
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Dedicated to Prof. Dr.H. Precht for his continuing insight into devising means and a philosophy to show how and why the old view that a cold-blooded animal is a „Spielball der Umgebungstemperatur“ is no longer acceptable.
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Roberts, J.L. Systemic versus cellular acclimation to temperature by poikilotherms. Helgolander Wiss. Meeresunters 14, 451–465 (1966). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01611638
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01611638