Summary
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1.
Extracellular recordings of eleven muscles in the pterothorax and the first abdominal segment were carried out to electrophysiologically decide their functions in wing and abdomen movements and to reveal their output patterns during flight.
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2.
Muscle functions were decided; That is, DLM.2, BM.2, SM.2, DLM.3, BM.3, and SM.3 as wing depressors, DVM.2, DVM.3, and OM.3 as wing elevators, DLM.1a as an abdomen elevator and VLM.1a as an abdomen depressor.
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3.
During flight, rigid phase relationships were observed among the muscles except for BM's. DLM.2, SM.2, DLM.3, SM.3 and DLM.1a fire synchronously during downstroke, while DVM.2, DVM.3, OM.3, and VLM.1a fire synchronously during upstroke.
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4.
BM's were characterized by the particularly expedient firing patterns during flight. They showed a tendency to synchronize usually with DLM's but may be active at any phase of the wing beat cycle.
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5.
These muscles were classified into depressor and elevator groups in terms of their function in flight and phase relationship (Fig. 9).
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Obara, Y. Mating behavior of the cabbage white butterfly,Pieris rapae crucivora . J. Comp. Physiol. 102, 189–200 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01464355
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01464355