Summary
This study investigated the hypothesis that under certain conditions, superinfection of cats with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), may occur. One FIV isolate (T91) was used to inoculate three FIV and FeLV-free cats. Blood from an FIV-infected cat (N), which contained two variants and differed from T91 by at least 5% in nucleotide sequence in theenv gene, was inoculated into a fourth cat. Both T91 and blood from N were inoculated simultaneously into a fifth cat. After 22 weeks, two of the three cats initially infected with T91 were challenged with blood from N. At 30 weeks following initial infection, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from all cats, DNA was extracted, and a segment of theenv gene was PCR amplified, cloned and sequenced. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the cloned PCR product showed that virus strains used in initial infection were recovered from cats not challenged with a second variant. Challenge of cats with the blood of N following initial infection with T91 resulted in superinfection occurring in one cat and recombination occurring in the other. Furthermore, the use of blood as a source of challenge, in cats where superinfection and simultaneous infections were attempted, may have induced the appearance of variants which more closely resembled the most heterologous strain present in the infectious source.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Alizon M, Wain-Hobson S, Montagnier L, Sonigo P (1986) Genetic variability of the AIDS virus: nucleotide sequence analysis of two isolates from African patients. Cell 46: 63–74
Corbin A, Sitbon M (1993) Protection against retroviral diseases after vaccination is confered by interference to superinfection with attenuated murine leukemia viruses. J Virol 67: 5146–5152
Desrosiers RC, Wyand MS, Kodama T, Ringer DJ, Arthur LO, Sehgal PK, Letvin NL, King NW, Daniel MD (1989) Vaccine protection against simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 6353–6357
Evans LA, Moreau J, Odehouri K, Seto D, Thomson-Honnebier G, Legg H, Baroboza A, Cheng-Mayer C, Levy JA (1988) Simultaneous isolation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 from AIDS patient. Lancet ii: 1346–1349
Federico M, Taddeo B, Carlini F, Nappi F, Verani P, Rossi GB (1993) A recombinant retrovirus carrying a non-producer human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 variant induces resistance to superinfecting HIV. J Gen Virol 74: 2099–2110
Fultz PN, Srinivasa A, Greene CR, Butler D, Swenson RB, McClure HM (1987) Superinfection of a chimpanzee with a second strain of human immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 61: 4026–4029
Gardner MB, Luciw PA (1989) Animal models of AIDS. Faseb J 3: 2593–2606
Girard M, Kieny MP, Pinter A, Barre-Sinoussi F, Nara P, Kolbe H, Kusumi K, Chaput A, Reinhart T, Muchmore E, Ronco J, Kaczorek M, Gomard E, Gluckman JC, Fultz PN (1991) Immunization of chimpanzees confers protection against challenge with human immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 542–546
Goodenow M, Huet T, Saurin W, Kwok S, Sninsky J, Wain-Hobson S (1989) HIV-1 isolates are rapidly evolving quasispecies: evidence for viral mixtures and preferred nucleotide substitutions. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2: 344–352
Greene WK, Meers J, del Fierro G, Carnegie PR, Robinson WF (1993) Extensive sequence variation of feline immunodeficiency virusenv genes in cats with naturally acquired infection. Arch Virol 133: 51–62
Hahn BH, Shaw GM, Taylor ME, Redfield RR, Markham PD, Salahuddin SZ, Wong-Staal F, Gallo R, Parks ES, Parks WP (1986) Genetic variation in HTLV-III/LAV over time in patients with AIDS or at risk for AIDS. Science 232: 1548–1553
Hu WS, Temin HM (1990) Retroviral recombination and reverse transcription. Science 250: 1227–1233
Jarrett O, Yamamoto JK, Neil JC (1990) Feline immunodeficiency virus as a model for AIDS vaccination. AIDS 4 [Suppl 1]: 5163–5165
Kao J-H, Chen P-J, Lai M-Y, Chen D-S (1993) Superinfection of heterologous hepatitis C virus in a patient with chronic type C hepatitis. Gastroenterology 105: 583–587
Kim JH, Mosca JD, Vahey MT, McLinden RJ, Burke DS, Redfield RR (1993) Consequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection of chronically infected cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 9: 875–882
Kusumi K, Conway B, Cunningham S, Benson A, Evans C, Iversen AK, Colvin D, Gallo MV, Coutre S, Shpaer EG, Faulkner DV, DeRonde A, Volkman S, Williams C, Hirsch MS, Mullins JI (1992) HIV type 1 envelope gene structure and diversity in vivo and after cocultivation in vitro. J Virol 66: 875–885
Leigh AJ (1991) Sequence variability in human immunodeficiency viruses: pattern and process in viral evolution. AIDS 5 [Suppl 2]: S35-S42
Letvin NL (1990) Animal models for AIDS. Immunol Today 11: 322–326
Matthews TJ, Langlois AJ, Robey WG, Chang NT, Gallo RC, Fischinger PJ, Bolognesi DP (1986) Restricted neutralisation of divergent human T-lymphotropic virus type III isolates by antibodies to the major envelope glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 9709–9713
Meers J, Robinson WF, del Fierro GM, Scoones MA, Lawson MA (1992) Feline immunodeficiency virus: quantification in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and isolation from plasma of infected cats. Arch Virol 127: 233–243
Meyerhans A, Cheynier R, Albert J, Seth M, Kwok S, Shinsky J, Morfeldt-Manson L, Asjo B, Wain-Hobson S (1989) Temporal fluctuations in HIV quasispecies in vivo are not reflected by sequential HIV isolations. Cell 58: 901–910
Miller SA, Dykes DD, Polesky HF (1988) Protein salting out method of DNA extraction. Nucleic Acids Res 16: 1215
Murphy-Corb M, Martin LM, Davison-Fairburn B, Montelaro RC, Miller M, West M, Ohkawa S, Baskin GB, Zhang J-Y, Putney SD, Allison AC, Eppstein DA (1989) A formalin-inactivated whole SIV vaccine confers protection in macaques. Science 246: 1293–1297
Pancino G, Fossati I, Chappy C, Castelot S, Hurtrel B, Moraillon A, Klatzmann D, Sonigo P (1993) Structure and variations of feline immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins. Virology 192: 659–662
Pang S, Shlesinger Y, Daar E, Moudgil T, Ho D, Chen I (1992) Rapid generation of sequence variation during primary HIV-1 infection. AIDS 6: 453–460
Pedersen NC (1990) Feline immunodeficiency virus infection. In: Schllekens J, Horzinek MC (eds) Animal models in AIDS. Elsevier Amsterdam, pp 165–183
Pieniazek D, Peralta JM, Ferreira JA, Krebs JW, Owen S, Sion FS, Filho CF, Sereno AB, Morais de Sa CA, Weniger BG, Heyward WL, Ou CY Pieniazek NJ, Schochetman G, Rayfield MA (1991) Identification of mixed HIV-1/HIV-2 infections in Brazil by polymerase chain reaction. AIDS 5: 1293–1299
Putkonen P, Thorstensson R, Albert J (1990) Infection of cynomolgus monkeys with HIV-2 protects against pathogenic consequences of a subsequent simian immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS 4: 783–789
Rayfield M, De Cock K, Heyward W, Goldstein L, Krebs J, Kwok S, Lee S, McCormick J, Moreau JM, Odehouri K, Schochetman G, Sninsky J, Ou CY (1988) Mixed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 and type 2 proviral sequences by using polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis 158: 1170–1176
Saag MS, Hahn BH, Gibbons J, Li Y, Parks ES, Parks WP, Shaw GM (1988) Extensive variation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vivo. Nature 334: 440–444
Sabin AB (1991) Effectiveness of AIDS vaccines. Science 251: 1161
Spalding BJ (1992) In hot pursuit of an HIV vaccine. Bio/Technology 10: 24–29
Stamminger G, Lazzarini R (1989) Analysis of the RNA of defective VSV particles. Cell 3: 85–93
von Dalnok GK, Kleinschmidt A, Neumann M, Leib-Moesch C, Erfle V, Brack-Werner R (1993) Productive expression state confers resistance of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2-infected lymphoma cells against superinfection by HIV-1. Arch Virol 131: 419–429
Wolinsky SM, Wike CM, Korber BT, Hutto C, Parks WP, Rosenblum LL, Kunstman KJ, Furtado MR, Munoz JL (1992) Selective transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 variants from mothers to infants. Science 255: 1134–1137
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kyaw-Tanner, M.T., Greene, W.K., Park, H. et al. The induction of in vivo superinfection and recombination using feline immunodeficiency virus as the model. Archives of Virology 138, 261–271 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01379130
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01379130