Summary
The deposition and formation of a thick secondary wall is a major event in the differentiation of flax (Linum usitatissimum) fibers. This wall is cellulose-rich; but it also contains significant amounts of other matrix polymers which are noncellulosic such as pectins. We have used immunocytochemical techniques with antibodies specific for various epitopes associated with either pectins or arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) to investigate the distribution of these polymers within the walls of differentiating young fibers of 1- and 2-week-old plants. Our results show that different epitopes exhibit distinct distribution patterns within fiber walls. Unesterified pectins recognized by polygalacturonic acid-rhamnogalacturonan I (PGA/RG-I) antibodies and rhamnogalacturonan II recognized by anti-RG-II-borate complex antibodies are localized all over the secondary wall of fibers. PGA/RG-I epitopes, but not RG-II epitopes, are also present in the middle lamellae and cell junctions. In marked contrast, β-(1→4) galactans recognized by the LM5 monoclonal antibody and AGP epitopes recognized by anti-β-(1→6) galactan and LM2 antibodies are primarily located in the half of the secondary wall nearest the plasma membrane. LM2 epitopes, present in 1-week-old fibers, are undetectable later in development, suggesting a regulation of the expression of certain AGP epitopes. In addition, localization of cellulose with the cellobiohydrolase I-gold probe reveals distinct subdomains within the secondary walls of young fibers. These findings indicate that, in addition to cellulose, early-developing flax fibers synthesize and secrete different pectin and AGP molecules.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Akin DE, Gamble GR, Morrison WH III, Rigsby LL (1996) Chemical and structural analysis of fibre and core tissues from flax. J Sci Food Agric 72: 155–165
Berg RH, Erdos GW, Gritzali M, Brown RD Jr (1988) Enzyme-gold affinity labelling of cellulose. J Electron Microsc Tech 8: 371–379
Bert F, Girault R, Rihouey C, Driouich A, Balangé A, Morvan C, Jarvis M (1996) Is the characterization of the fiber structure needed for the assessment of the quality after transformation? In: Proceedings of the Fourth European Workshop on Flax, Rouen, France, pp 427–434
Cassab GI, Varner JE (1987) Immunocytolocalization of extensin in developing soybean seedcoat by immunogold-silver staining and by printing on nitrocellulose paper. J Cell Biol 105: 2581–2588
Chanliaud E, Gidley MJ (1999) In vitro synthesis and properties of pectin/Acetobacterxylinus cellulose composites. Plant J 20: 25–35
Chanzy H, Henrissat B, Voung R (1984) Colloidal gold labelling of 1,4-β-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase adsorbed on cellulose substrate. FEBS Lett 172: 193–197
Davis EA, Derouet C, Hervé du Penhoat C, Morvan C (1990) Isolation and N.M.R. study of pectins from flax (Linumusitatissimum L.). Carbohydr Res 197: 205–215
Domingo C, Gomez MD, Hernandez-Yago J, Conejero V, Vera P (1994) A novel extracellular matrix protein from tomato associated with lignified secondary cell walls. Plant Cell 6: 1035–1047
Esau K (1977) Anatomy of seed plants. Wiley, New York, pp 74–81
Frey-Wyssling A (1976) The plant cell wall, 2nd edn. Borntraeger, Berlin
Fry SC (1986) Cross-linking of matrix polymers in the growing cell wall of angiosperms. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 37: 165–186
Girault R, Bert F, Rihouey C, Jauneau A, Morvan C, Jarvis M (1997) Galactans and cellulose in flax fibres: putative contributions to the tensile strength. Int J Biol Macromol 21: 179–188
Gorshkova TA, Wyatt SE, Salnikov VV, Gibeaut DM, Ibragimov MR, Lozovaya VV, Carpita NC (1996) Cell-wall polysaccharides of developing flax plants. Plant Physiol 110: 721–729
Goubet F, Bourlard T, Girault R, Alexandre C, Vandevelde MC, Morvan C (1995) Structural features of galactans from flax fibres. Carbohydr Polym 27: 221–227
Himmelsbach DS, Akin DE (1998) Near-infrared Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) stems. J Agric Food Chem 46: 991–998
—, Khalili S, Akin DE (1998) FT-IR microscopic imaging of flax (Linumusitatissimum L.) stems. Cell Mol Biol 44: 99–108
His I, Driouich A, Jauneau A (1997) Distribution of cell wall matrix polysaccharides in the epidermis of flax hypocotyl seedlings: calcium induced-acidification of pectins. Plant Physiol Biochem 35: 631–644
Humphrey CD, Pittman FE (1974) A simple methylene blue-azure II-basic fuchsin stain for epoxy-embedded tissue sections. Stain Technol 49: 9–14
Jauneau A, Cabin-Flaman A, Morvan C, Pariot C, Ripoll C, Thellier M (1994) Polysaccharide distribution in the cellular junctions of immature fibre cells of flax seedlings. Histochem J 26: 226–232
—, Quentin M, Driouich A (1997) Micro-heterogeneity of pectins and calcium distribution in the epidermal and cortical parenchyma cell walls of flax hypocotyls. Protoplasma 198: 9–19
Jones L, Seymour GB, Knox JP (1997) Localization of pectic galactan in tomato cell wall using a monoclonal antibody specific to (1-4)-β-D-galactan. Plant Physiol 113: 1405–1412
Keller B, Templeton MD, Lamb CJ (1989) Specific localization of a plant cell wall glycine-rich protein in protoxylem cells of the vascular system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 1529–1533
Kikuchi S, Ohinata A, Tsumuraya Y, Hashimoto Y, Kaneka Y, Matsuhima H (1993) Production and characterization of antibodies to the β(1-6)-galactotetraosyl group and their interaction with arabinogalactan-proteins. Planta 190: 525–535
Knox JP, Linstead PJ, King J, Cooper C, Roberts K (1990) Pectin esterification is spatially regulated both within cell walls and between developing tissues of root apices. Planta 181: 512–521
Love GD, Snape CE, Jarvis MC, Morrison IM (1994) Determination of phenolic structures in flax fibre by solid-state C NMR. Phytochemistry 35: 489–491
Lynch MA, Staehelin LA (1992) Domain-specific and cell type-specific localization of two types of cell wall matrix polysaccharides in the clover root tip. J Cell Biol 118: 467–479
— — (1995) Immunocytochemical localization of cell wall polysaccharides in the root tip ofAvena sativa. Protoplasma 188: 115–127
Maeda H, Ishida N (1967) Specificity of binding of hexopyranosyl polysaccharides with fluorescent brightener. J Biochem 62: 276–280
Matoh T, Takasaki M, Takabe K, Kobayashi M (1998) Immunocytochemistry of rhamnogalacturonan II in cell walls of higher plants. Plant Cell Physiol 39: 483–491
McDougall GJ (1993) Isolation and partial characterisation of the non-cellulosic polysaccharides of flax fibres. Carbohydr Res 241: 227–236
Moore PJ, Staehelin LA (1988) Immunogold localization of the cell-wall-matrix polysaccharides rhamnogalacturonan I and xyloglucan during cell expansion and cytokinesis inTrifolium pratense L., implication for secretory pathway. Planta 174: 433–445
—, Darvill AG, Albersheim P, Staehelin LA (1986) Immunogold localization of xyloglucan and rhamnogalacturonan I in the cell walls of suspension-cultured sycamore cells. Plant Physiol 82: 787–794
Mori B, Bellani M (1996) Differential staining for cellulosic and modified plant cell walls. Biotech Histochem 71: 71–72
Morvan C, Abdul-Hafez A, Morvan O, Jauneau A, Demarty M (1989) Etude physicochimique et biochimique de polysaccharides extraits de lin sous-roui. Plant Physiol Biochem 27: 451–459
—, Jauneau A, Voreux H, Morvan O, Demarty M (1990) Contribution des ciments aux caractéristiques physicochimiques des fibres de lin: application à un rouissage enzymatique. C R Soc Biol 184: 18–30
Pariot C, Martini F, Thellier M, Ripoll C (1994) Quantitative imaging of the distribution of boron in hypocotyl sections of flax seedlings, using neutron capture radiography. J Trace Microprobe Tech 12: 61–85
Pellerin P, Vidai S, Williams P, Brioullet JM (1995) Characterization of five type II AGP fractions from red wine of increasing uronic acid contents. Carbohydr Res 277: 135–143
Reynolds ES (1963) The use of lead citrate at high pH: an electron opaque stain for electron microscopy. J Cell Biol 17: 208–212
Smallwood M, Yates EA, Willats WGT, Martin H, Knox JP (1996) Immunochemical comparison of membrane-associated and secreted arabinogalactan-proteins in rice and carrot. Planta 198: 452–459
Van Dam JEG, Van Vilsteren GET, Zomers FHA, Shannon WB, Hamilton IT (1994) Increased application of domestically produced plant fibres in textiles, pulp and paper production and composite materials. ATO-DLO, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Van Sumere CF (1992) Retting of flax with special reference to enzyme retting. In: Sharma HSS, Van Sumere CF (eds) The biology and processing of flax. M. Publication, Belfast, pp 157–158
Vian B (1986) Ultrastructural localization of carbohydrates: recent developments in cytochemistry and affinity methods. In: Bailey JA (eds) Biology and molecular biology of plant-pathogen interactions. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 49–47
—, Roland JC (1991) Affinodetection of the sites of formation and of the further distribution of polygalacturonans and native cellulose in growing plant cells. Biol Cell 71: 43–55
Vicré M, Jauneau A, Knox JP, Driouich A (1998) Immunolocalization of β-(1→4) and β-(1β6)-D-galactan epitopes in the cell wall and Golgi stacks of developing flax root tissues. Protoplasma 203: 26–34
Wardrop AB (1971) Occurrence and formation in plants. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins: occurrence, formation, structure and formation. Wiley, New York, pp 19–41
Willats WGT, Marcus SE, Knox JP (1998) Generation of a monoclonal antibody specific to (1→5)-α-L-arabinan. Carbohydr Res 308: 149–152
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Andème-Onzighi, C., Girault, R., His, I. et al. Immunocytochemical characterization of early-developing flax fiber cell walls. Protoplasma 213, 235–245 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01282161
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01282161