Abstract
Canopy throughfall was collected in funnels equipped with tipping buckets. The funnels were installed at 4 distances from the tree trunk and at 6 depths in the canopy of a Norway spruce forest at Klosterhede, Denmark. The throughfall water flux was registered during individual rain events. The smallest quantity of throughfall was sampled closest to the tree trunk, and the largest quantity of throughfall was sampled in the periphery of the canopy at all levels in the canopy. The quantity of throughfall was highest at the top of the tree and decreased down through the canopy. The intensity of the water flow decreased through the canopy which brought the throughfall water in contact with the foliage for longer periods in the lower canopy than in the upper canopy. The higher wettability caused a larger leaching of especially potassium in the lower canopy. Differences in rain intensity did not influence the distribution and the pattern of water flow in the canopy.
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Hansen, K. In-canopy throughfall measurements in Norway spruce: Water flow and consequences for ion fluxes. Water Air Soil Pollut 85, 2259–2264 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01186170
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01186170