Abstract
The influence of glucose and NH4NO3 on the degradation of the herbicide atrazine was studied with the marine fungusPericonia prolifica Anastasiou. The bioaccumulation of14C-atrazine by fungal cultures was substantially increased at increased concentrations of glucose. Overall, 34.1% of the initial atrazine concentration was removed from the culture filtrate of the cultures grown in 0.5% (w/v) glucose and 0.007% (w/v) NH4NO3, and 40.4% of the initial atrazine concentration was removed when the same media contained 0.08% (w/v) NH4NO3. The majority of internalized radioactivity from both sets of cultures could be extracted from the mycelia as undegraded atrazine. However, examination of both the culture filtrates and mycelia of cultures grown under 0.5% (w/v) glucose and 0.08% (w/v) NH4NO3 revealed the presence of both dealkylated and dechlorinated hydrolysis products of atrazine. The fungal cultures, compared with uninoculated controls, showed a 5-fold increase in 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-amino-striazine (deisopropylatrazine), a 1.9-fold increase in 2-hydroxy-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (hydroxyatrazine), and a 1.5-fold increase in other metabolites not extracted into ethyl acetate, suggesting two separate degradation pathways caused by a combination of metabolic and physicochemical interactions. Although mineralization of [ring-14C] atrazine did not occur under the conditions employed, considerable radioactivity was found in an unextractable form associated with cell fragments ofPericonia cultures indicating further metabolism of the initial degradation products.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Armstrong DE, Chesters G (1968) Adsorption-catalyzed chemical hydrolysis of atrazine. Environ Sci Technol2: 683–689
Bollag J-M (1982) Microbial metabolism of pesticides. In: Rosazza JP (ed) Microbial transformations of bioactive compounds. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, pp 125–168
Geller A (1980) Studies on the degradation of atrazine by bacterial communities enriched from various biotopes. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol9: 289–305
Gessner RV (1980) Degradative enzyme production by saltmarsh fungi. Bot Marina23: 133–139
Goswami KP, Green RE (1971) Microbial degradation of the herbicide atrazine and its 2-hydroxy analog in submerged soils. Environ Sci Technol5: 426–429
Hughes GC (1975) Studies of fungi in oceans and estuaries since 1961. I. Lignicolous, caulicolous and foliicolous species. Oceanogr Mar Biol, Annu Rev13: 69–180
Jones TW, Kemp WM, Stevenson JC, Means JC (1982) Degradation of atrazine in estuarine water/sediment systems and soils. J Environ Qual11: 632–638
Kaufmann DD, Blake J (1970) Degradation of atrazine by soil fungi. Soil Biol Biochem2: 73–80
Kirk PW Jr., Brandt JM (1980) Seasonal distribution of lignicolous marine fungi in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Bot Marina13: 657–668
Kohlmeyer J, Kohlmeyer E (1979) Marine mycology: the higher fungi. Academic Press New York, 690 pp
MacDonald MJ, Speedie MK (1982) Location and optimization of cell-associated and extracellular cellulolytic enzyme activity in the marine fungusDendryphiella arenaria. Can J Bot60: 838–844
Meyers SP, Reynolds ES (1959) Growth and cellulolytic activity of lignicolous Deuteromycetes from marine localities. Can J Microbiol5: 493–503
Plimmer JR, Kearney PC, Klingebiel UI (1971)s-Triazine herbicide dealkylation by free radical generating systems. J. Agric Food Chem19: 572–573
Pramer D, Bartha R (1965) Features of a flask and method for measuring the persistence and biological effects of pesticides in soil. Soil Sci100: 68–70
Ramsteiner KA, Horman WD (1979) High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of hydroxy-s-triazine residues in plant material. J Agric Food Chem27: 934–938
Rosazza JP, Smith RV (1979) Microbial models for drug metabolism. In: Perlman D (ed) Advances in Applied Microbiology. Academic Press, New York, pp 169–208
Russell JD, Cruz M, White JL, Bailey W, Payne WR, Jr., Pope JD, Jr., Teasley JI (1968) Mode of chemical degradation ofs-triazines by montmorillonite. Science160: 1340–1342
Schocken MJ, Speedie MK (1982a) Interaction of higher marine fungi with the herbicide atrazine. II. Sorption of atrazine to four species of marine fungi. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol29: 101–106
— (1982b) Interaction of higher marine fungi with the herbicide atrazine. III. Adsorption of atrazine to the marine fungusDendryphiella salina. Chemosphere11: 885–890
Schocken MJ, Speedie MK, Kirk PW, Jr. (1982) Interaction of higher marine fungi with the herbicide atrazine. I. Survey of interactive modes. Mycologia74: 801–808
Shearer CA (1972) Fungi of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. III. The distribution of wood-inhabiting Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti of the Patuxent River. Am J Bot59: 961–969
Sutherland JB, Crawford DL, Speedie MK (1982) Decomposition of14C-labeled maple and spruce lignin by marine fungi. Mycologia74: 511–513
Wolf DC, Martin JP (1975) Microbial decomposition of ring14C-atrazine, cyanuric acid, and 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-s-triazine. J Environ Qual4: 134–139
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schocken, M.J., Speedie, M.K. Physiological aspects of atrazine degradation by higher marine fungi. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13, 707–714 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055934
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055934