Abstract
The arrival of Spanish conquistadors and colonists to the Caribbean in the late fifteenth century set in motion the processes that produced the post-1500 “New World.” The sixteenth-century cultural and ecological exchanges among Europe, Africa, and the Americas that took place during the early contact period greatly affected the social and economic patterns of life in both the Old and the New Worlds. Nowhere was this change manifest as profoundly and dramatically as in the sixteenth-century Caribbean. This essay explores the archaeological insights into the processes of encounter between the Amerindian peoples of the Caribbean region and the first permanent Europeans in the Americas and the responses of each to contact with the other. Archaeological research has informed our understanding of this seminal era in New World cultural development in important ways. It had also allowed the documentation of both the cultural and demographic disintegration of the Caribbean Indians and the formation of Euro-American culture.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Alcina Franch, J. (1983). La cultura taina como sociedad en transición entre los niveles tribal y de jefatura. InLa Cultura Taina: Seminario Sobre la Situación de Investigación de la Cultura Taina, Biblioteca del V Centenario, Madrid, pp. 69–80.
Alegría, R. (1963).Descubrimiento, Conquista y Colonización de Puerto Rico, 1493–1599, Colección de Estudios Puertorriqueños, San Juan de Puerto Rico, Barcelona.
Alegría, R. (1978).La Primeras Representaciones Gráficas del Indio Americano 1493–1523, Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y El Caribe y Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, San Juan.
Alegría, R. (1979). Apuntes para el estudio de los caciques de los caciques de Puerto Rico.Revista del Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña 85: 25–41.
Alegría, R. (1981).Las Primera Noticias Sobre los Indios Caribes, Editorial Universidad de Puerto Rico en colaboración con el Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y el Caribe.
Alegría, R. (1984). Iglesia San José completion report. Unpublished ms. on file, State Historic Preservation Office, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Allaire, L. (1977).Later Prehistory in Martinique and the Island Caribs: Problems in Ethnic Identification, Ph.D. dissertations, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
Allaire, L. (1980). On the historicity of Carib migrations in the Lesser Antilles.American Antiquity 45: 238–245.
Andrews, K. (1978).The Spanish Caribbean: Trade and Plunder 1530–1630, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
Armstrong, D. (1988).The Old Village at Drax Hall Plantation: An Archaeological Study of Afro-Jamaican Settlement, University of Illinois Press, Chicago (in press).
Arrom, J. J., and García Arévalo, M. (1986).Cimarron, Ediciones Fundación García Arévalo, Santo Domingo.
ASB/NPS (1983). ASB/NPS takes active role in the Caribbean.Inter/Action Archaeological Services Branch Update1(2): June.
Benzoni, G. In Smyth, W. H. (ed.) (1857). History of the New World (1725).Hacklyut Society Publications 21.
Boomert, A. (1984). The Arawak Indians of Trinidad and coastal Guiana, 1500–1680.Journal of Caribbean History 19(2): 123–188.
Boulton, A. (1952).La Margarita, Caracas.
Bourne, E. (1907). Columbus, Ramón Pané and the beginnings of American anthropology.Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 17: 310–348.
Boyrie Moya, E. (1964).La Casa de Piedra de Ponce de León en Higuey, Academia Dominicana de la Historia, Santo Domingo, R.D.
Brau, S. (1966).La Colonización de Puerto Rico (3rd ed.), Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, San Juan.
Brill, R. (1986). Laboratory studies of some European artifacts excavated on San Salvador island. In Gerace, D. (ed.),Proceedings of the First San Salvador Conference: Columbus and His World, San Salvador, Bahamas, pp. 247–292.
Bullen, R. P. (1959). Similarities in pottery decorations from Florida, Cuba and the Bahamas.Actas del XXXIII Congreso Internacional de Americanistas 2: 107–110.
Bullen, R. P. (1964). The Archaeology of Grenada, West Indies.Contributions in Anthropology and History, 11, Florida State Museum, Gainesville.
Bullen, R. P. (1974). Were there pre-Columbian culture contacts between Florida and the West Indies: The archaeological evidence.The Florida Anthropologist 27: 149–160.
Bullen, R. P. (1976). Culture areas and climaxes in Antillean prehistory. In Bullen, R. P. (ed.),Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress for the Study of the Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles, Florida State Museum, Gainesville, pp. 1–10.
Bullen, R., and Bullen, A. (1972). Archaeological Investigations on St. Vincent and the Grenadines.American Studies Report, 8, William J. Bryant Foundation, Gainesville, Fla.
Caballero, O., and Zierden, M. (1979). Excavations at SA-28-1 (Spanish hospital site), St. Augustine, 1979. Ms. project report on file, Historic St. Augustine Preservation Board.
Caro, J. A. (1973). La Isabela, Santo Domingo, R. D.Boletín del Museo del Hombre Dominicano 3: 48–52.
Cassa, R. (1975).Los Tainos de la Española, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo.
Chanlatte Baik, L. (1978). Arqueología colonial. In Arqueología de Sanate.Boletin del Museo del Hombre Dominicano 7(10): 133–138.
Chanlatte Baik, L., Morbán Laucer, F., and García Arévalo, M. A. (1971). Localizan cerca de Yuma un residuario indígena.El Caribe, 28 de Agosto, Santo Domingo, R.D.
Chapeaux, P. D. (1983).Los Cimarrones Urbanos, Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, Havana.
Chaunu, H., and Chaunu, P. (1957).Seville et L'Atlantique (1504–1650), Vol. 7. Construction Graphique, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, SEVPEN, Paris.
Cook, S., and Borah, W. (1971).Essays in Population History, Vol. 1. Mexico and the Caribbean, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Cotter, C. S. (1948). The discovery of the Spanish carvings at Seville.The Jamaican Historical Review 1(3): 227–233.
Cotter, C. S. (1970). Sevilla Nueva. The story of an excavation.Jamaica Journal 4(2): 15–22.
Council, R. B. (1975).Archaeology of the Convento de San Francisco, M.A. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Crahan, M., and Knight, F. (eds.) (1979).Africa and the Caribbean: The Legacies of a Link, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Craton, M. (1986).History of the Bahamas, 3rd edn., San Salvador, Waterloo, Ontario.
Crosby, A. (1972).The Columbian Exchange, Greenwood, Westport, Conn.
Cruxent, J. M., and Rouse, I. (1958). An Archaeological Chronology of Venezuela.Pan American Union Social Science Monographs, 6, Washington, D.C.
Davis, D. (1974). The strategy of early Spanish ecosystem management in Cuba.Journal of Anthropological Research 30(4): 294–314.
Davis, D., and Goodwin, R. C. (1988). Island Carib origins: Evidence and non-evidence.American Antiquity (in press).
Deagan, K. (1973). Mestizaje in colonial St. Augustine.Ethnohistory 20: 55–65.
Deagan, K. (1978). Cultures in transition: Fusion and assimilation among the Eastern Timucua. In Milanich, J., and Proctor, S. (eds.),Tacachale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia During the Historic Period, University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 89–119.
Deagan, K. (1983).Spanish St. Augustine: The Archaeology of a Colonial Creole Community, Academic Press, New York.
Deagan, K. (1985a). Spanish-Indian interaction in sixteenth century Florida and the Caribbean. In Fitzhugh, W. (ed.),Cultures in Contact, Anthropological Society of Washington Special Publication, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 281–318.
Deagan, K. (1985b). The archeology of 16th century St. Augustine.Florida Anthropologist 38(1–2): 6–33.
Deagan, K. (1986). Initial encounters: Arawak responses to European Contact at the En Bas Saline Site, Haiti. In Gerace, D. (ed.),Proceedings of the First Annual San Salvador Conference, Columbus and His World, San Salvador, Bahamas, pp. 341–359.
Deagan, K. (1987a).Artifacts of the Spanish Colonies: Florida and the Caribbean, Vol. 1, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
Deagan, K. (1987b). First contacts: The impact of European presence at La Navidad, Haiti. Paper presented at the conference, Spain, Florida and the Caribbean: Explorations and Settlements in the Sixteenth Century. On file, Office of Oral History, Florida State Museum [Revista de Indias, Madrid (in press)].
Deagan, K., and Williams, M. (1986). The search for La Navidad in a contact-period Arawak town on Haiti's north coast. Paper presented at the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Sacramento, Calif.
Defourneaux, M. (1966).Daily Life in Spain in the Golden Age, Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif.
Deive, C. E. (1978).El Indio, el Negro, y la Vida Tradicional Dominicana, Ediciones del Museo del Hombre Dominicano, Santo Domingo.
Deive, C. E. (1980).La Esclavitud del Negro en Santo Domingo, 1492–1844, Ediciones del Museo del Hombre Dominicano, Santo Domingo.
Deive, C. E. (1983). El chamanisimo taino. InLa Cultura Taina: Seminario Sobre la Situación de investigación de la Cultura Taina, Biblioteca del V Centenario, Madrid, pp. 81–88.
de las Casas, B. (1951).Historia de las Indias, edición de Agustin Millares Carlo, Fondo de Cultura Economica, Mexico City.
de las Casas, B. (1974).In Defense of the Indians (Poole, S., translator and ed.), Northern Illinois University Press, DeKalb.
Dobyns, H. (1983).Their Numbers Become Thinned: Native American Population Dynamics in Eastern North America, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
Dohrenwend, R., and Harris, L. D. (1975). A climatic change impact analysis of peninsular Florida life zones. In Bartholic, J. (ed.), Impacts of Climatic Change on the Biosphere.CIAP Monograph 5, Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., pp. 5-107–5-122.
Domínguez, L. (1978). La transculturación en Cuba (s. XVI–XVII).Cuba Arqueológica I, Editorial Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, pp. 33–50.
Domínguez, L. (1980). Cerámica de transculturación del sitio colonial Casa de la Obrapia.Cuba Arqueológica II, Editorial Oriente, Santiago de Cuba.
Domínguez, L. (1984).Arqueología Colonial Cubana. Dos Estudios, Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, Havana.
Dreyfus, S. (1981). Notes sur la chefferie Taino D'Aiti: Capacités productrices, ressources alimentaires, pourvoir dans une société précolombienne de forêt tropicale.Journal de la Societe des Americanistes 67: 229–248.
Elliott, J. H. (1987). The Spanish conquest. In Bethell, L. (ed.),Colonial Spanish America, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1–58.
Enos, P., and Perkins, R. D. (1979). Evolution of Florida Bay from island stratigraphy.Geological Society of America Bulletin 90(1): 59–83.
Escardo, M. (1978). Who were the inhabitants of the Virgin Islands at the time of Columbus' arrival?Proceedings of the Seventh Internal Congress for the Study of Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles, Centre de recherches Caraibes, University of Montreal, pp. 245–268.
Ewen, C. (1987).From Spaniard to Creole: The Archaeology of Hispanic American Cultural Formation at Puerto Real, Haiti, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Fairbanks, C. H. (1974).Ethnohistorical Report on the Florida Indians, Commission Findings, Indians Claims Commission, Garland, New York.
Fairbanks, C., and Marrinan, R. (1981). The Puerto Real project, Haiti.Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress for the Study of Precolumbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles, Museo del Hombre Dominicano, Santo Domingo, pp. 409–417.
Feinman, G., and Neitzel, J. (1984). Too many types: An overview of sedentary pre-state societies in the Americas. In Schiffer, M. (ed.),Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 7, Academic Press, New York, pp. 39–102.
Figueredo, A., and Glazier, S. (1978). A revised aboriginal ethnohistory of Trinidad.Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress for the Study of Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles, Centre de recherches Caraibes, University of Montreal, pp. 259–262.
Floyd, T. (1973).The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean 1492–1526, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Foster, G. (1960). Culture and Conquest.Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology, 27, Wenner-Gren Foundation, New York.
García Arévalo, M. (1978a). La arqueología Indo-Hispano en Santo Domingo. InUnidades y Variedades, Ensayos en Homenaje a José M. Cruxent, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Caracas, pp. 77–127.
García Arévalo, M. (1978b). Influencias de la dieta Indo-Hispanica en la cerámica Taina.Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress for the Study of the Precolumbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles, Centre des Recherches Caraibes, University of Montreal, pp. 263–277.
García Arévalo, M. (1979).El Arte Taino, Fundación Garcia-Arevalo, Santo Domingo.
García Arévalo, M. A., and Morbán Laucer, F. (1971). Describen hallazgos objetos Indígenas.Lista Diario, 21 de Enero, 2, Santo Domingo, R.D.
Gerbi, A. (1985).Nature in the New World (Moyle, J., translator), University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.
Gibson, C. (1966).Spain in America, Harper and Row, New York.
Gibson, C. (1987). Indian society under Spanish rule. In Bethell, L. (ed.),Colonial Spanish America, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 361–399.
Gil, J., and Varela, C. (1984).Cartas de Particulares a Colón y Relaciones Coetáneas, Alainza Editorial, Madrid.
Goggin, J. (1960a). The Spanish Olive Jar: An Introductory Study.Yale University Publication in Anthropology, 62, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
Goggin, J. (1960b). Spanish trade beads and pendants. Unpublished ms. on file, Florida State Museum, Gainesville.
Goggin, J. (1968). Spanish Majolica in the New World.Yale University Publications in Anthropology, 72, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
Goggin, J. M., and Sturtevant, W. T. (1964). The Calusa: A stratified non-agricultural society (with notes on sibling marriage). In Goodenough, W. (ed.),Explorations in Cultural Anthropology: Essays in Honor of George Peter Murdock, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 179–219.
Gonzales, J. (1980). Conferencia del Arq. José Gonzales. In Poladora, A. (coordinator),Objectos y Ambientes de la Concepción de la Vega, Catálogo de la exposición. Museo Casas Reales, Santo Domingo, pp. 34–50.
Goodwin, C. (1979).The Prehistoric Cultural Ecology of St. Kitts, West Indies, Ph.D. dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe.
Goodwin, W. (1946).Spanish and English Ruins in Jamaica, Meador, Boston.
Goslinga, C. Ch. (1971).The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast, 1580–1680, University of Florida Press, Gainesville.
Gottfried, R. (1983).The Black Death, Free Press, New York.
Griffin, J. W., and Smith, H. G. (1948). The Goodsnow Mound, Highlands County, Florida.Contributions to the Archaeology of Florida, 1, Florida Park Service, Tallahassee.
Guarch, J. M. (1967). Informe del sitio El Yayal. Ms. on file, Departmento de Arqueologia, Instituto de Ciencias Sociales de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Havana.
Guerrero, J. G., and Ortega, E. (1983). La Isabela primera ciudad del Nuevo Mundo aun no ha muerto.Hoy 117: 6–9.
Gullick, C. J. R. M. (1980). Island Carib traditions about their arrival in the Lesser Antilles.Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress for the Study of the Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles. Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers, 22, pp. 464–472.
Hamilton, J. (1984).Musée de Guahabá: Research and Development of a Private Museum in the Third World, M.A. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Hamilton, J., and Hodges, W. (1982). Bayahá: A preliminary report. Typescript, Musée de Guahabá, Limbé, Haiti.
Hammond, P. (1969). Stratigraphic and proton magnetometer survey, 29 March–14 April 1969. Unpublished report on file, Jamaica National Historic Trust Commission, Kingston.
Hammond, P. (1970). Stratigraphic and electron survey of New Seville, 1970 season. Unpublished report on file, Jamaica National Historic Trust Commission, Kingston.
Hanke, L. (1964).The First Social Experiment in America, Peter Smith Publishers, Gloucester, Mass.
Harris, D. R. (1965). Plants, Animals, and Man in the Outer Leeward Islands, West Indies: An Ecological Study of Antigua, Barbuda, and Anguilla.University of California Publications in Geography, 18, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Haviser, J. (1987).Amerindian Cultural Geography on Curacao, Ph.D. dissertation, Rijksuniversiteit Leiden, Holland (privately printed, Emmastad, Curacao).
Henige, D. (1978). On the contact population of Hispaniola: History as higher mathematics.Hispanic America Historical Review LVIII(2): 219–237.
Hodges, W. (1980). Puerto Real sources. Typescript, Musée de Guahabá, Limbé, Haiti.
Hodges, W. (1985). The search for La Navidad. Typescript, Musée de Guahabá, Limbé, Haiti.
Hoffman, C. (1986). Archaeological investigations at the Long Bay site, San Salvador, Bahamas. In Gerace, D. (ed.),Proceedings of the First San Salvador Conference: Columbus and His World, San Salvador, Bahamas, pp. 237–245.
Hostos, A. de (1938). Investigaciones Historicas. Ms. on file, Castillo de San Marcos National Monument research library, St. Augustine, Fla.
Jane, C. (translator) (1960).The Journal of Christopher Columbus, Clarkson Potter, New York.
Jones, C. B., and Ewen, C. R. (1987). Did DeSoto sleep here? We think so. Paper presented at the 44th Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Charleston, S.C.
Judge, J. (1986). Where Columbus found the New World.National Geographic 170(5): 566–572, 578–599.
Keegan, W. (1982). Lucayan fishing practices: An experimental approach.Florida Anthropologist 35(4): 146–161.
Keegan, W. (1984). Columbus and the city of gold.Journal of the Bahamas Historical Society 6: 34–39.
Keegan, W. (1985).Dynamic Horticulturalists: Population Expansion in the Prehistoric Bahamas, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Keegan, W. (1987). Diffusion of maize from South America: The Antillean connection reconstructed. Emergent Horticultural Economies of the Eastern Woodlands. Center for Archaeological Investigations,Southern Illinois University Occasional Papers, 7, Carbondale, pp. 329–344.
Keen, B. (translator) (1959).The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by His Son, Ferdinand, Rutgers, New Brunswick, N.J.
Koch, J. (1980).Nuestra Señora de la Soledad: A Study of a Church and Hospital Site in Colonial St. Augustine, M.A. thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee.
Larsen, C. S. (1987). Stress and adaptation at Santa Catalina de Guale: Analysis of human remains. Paper presented at the Society for Historical Archaeology annual meeting, Savannah, Ga.
Lockhart, J., and Schwartz, S. B. (1983). Early Latin America.Cambridge Latin American Studies, 46, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Lopez y Sebastian, L. (1986). Sevilla la Nueva, Arqueologia. Ms. on file, Jamaica National Historic Trust, Kingston.
Loven, S. (1935).The Origins of Tainan Culture, West Indies, Elanders, Göteborg.
Luna Calderón, F. (1983). Los esqueletos de la Isabela: Testigos mudos de una gran hazana.Hoy (Santo Domingo): 10–11.
Lyon, E. (1976).The Enterprise of Florida, University Presses of Florida, Gainesville.
Lyon, E. (1981). Puerto Real: Research on a Spanish town on Hispaniola's north coast. Ms. on file, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Mañón Arredondo, M. (1978). Importancia arqueologica de los ingenios indohispanicos de las Antillas. In Arqueología de Sanate.Boletín del Museo del Hombre Dominicano 7(10): 139–164.
Manucy, A., and Torres-Reyes, R. (1973).The Forts of Old San Juan, Chatham, Old Greenwich.
Marquardt, W. H. (1987). South Floridian contacts with the Bahamas: A review and some speculations. Paper presented at the Symposium, Bahamas 1492: Its People and Environment, Freeport, Bahamas.
Marquardt, W. H. (ed.) (1988). Culture and Environment in the Domain of the Calusa. (Report of interdisciplinary investigations in southwest Florida, 1984–1987).Institute of Archaeology and Paleoenvironmental Studies, Monograph 1, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Marrinan, R. (1982). Test excavation of building B (Area 2), Puerto Real, Haiti: Final report. Ms. on file, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Martyr D'Anghiera, P. (1970).De Orbe Novo (MacNutt, F. A., translator), Burt Franklin, New York.
Mathewson, D. (1972). History from the earth: Archaeological excavations at old King's House.Jamaica Journal 6(1): 3–11.
McAlister, L. N. (1984).Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
McEwan, B. (1983).Spanish Colonial Adaptation on Hispaniola: The Archaeology of Area 35, Puerto Real, Haiti, M.A. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.
McEwan, B. (1986). Domestic adaptations at Puerto Real, Haiti.Historical Archaeology 20(1): 44–49.
Mendoza, L. C. (1980). Cerámica de las ruinas de la Vega Vieja.Casas Reales 11: 101–113 (Santo Domingo).
Milanich, J. T. (1978). The Western Timucua: Patterns of acculturation and change. In Milanich, J., and Proctor, S. (eds.),Tacachale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia During the Historic Period, University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 59–88.
Milanich, J. T. (1987). Hernando de Soto and the expedition in La Florida.Miscellaneous Project Report Series, 32, Department of Anthropology, Florida State Museum, Gainesville.
Milanich, J. T., and Fairbanks, C. H. (1980).Florida Archaeology, Academic Press, New York.
Mintz, S. (1974).Caribbean Transformations, Aldine, Chicago.
Mintz, S. (1985).Sweetness and Power, Viking Penguin, New York.
Mitchell, S. W., and Keegan, W. F. (1987). Reconstruction of the coastlines of the Bahama Islands in 1492.American Archaeology 6(2).
Mitchem, J. M., and Hutchinson, D. L. (1987). Interim report on archaeological research at the Tatham Mound, Citrus County, Florida: Season III.Miscellaneous Project Report Series, Department of Anthropology, Florida State Museum, Gainesville.
Moore, C. (1985). Inventaire des sites arqueologiques dans le peninsule sud d'Haiti.Bureau National D'Ethnologie Bulletin 2: 65–83.
Morales Padron, F. (1952).Jamaica Española, Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, Publication 67, Seville.
Morgan, G. S., and Woods, C. A. (1986). Extinction and the zoogeography of West Indian land mammals.Biological Journal of Linnean Society 28: 167–203.
Morison, S. E. (1940). The route of Columbus along the north coast of Haiti and the site of La Navidad.Transactions of the American Philosophical Society xxxi(4): 239–285.
Moya Pons, F. (1971).La Española en el Siglo XVI, Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago, R.D.
Moya Pons, F. (1982). Los trabajadores indigenas y la estructura social de la Española en 1514.Museo del Hombre Dominicano Boletín 17: 119–133 (Santo Domingo).
Murga Sanz, V. (1959).Juan Ponce de León, Ediciones de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan.
Navarette, M. F. de (compiler) (1864–1884).Colección de Documentos Ineditos Relativos al Descubrimiento, Conquista, y Organización de las Antiguas Posesiones Españoles de America y Oceanea, Madrid.
Newson, L. (1976).Aboriginal and Spanish Colonial Trinidad, Academic Press, New York.
Ortega, E. (1971). Informe de las excavaciones arqueológicas realizadas en la Plazoleta y en la Calle Juan Barón.Revista Dominicana de Arqueología y Antropología 1(1): 25–37.
Ortega, E. (1980).Introducción a la Loza Comun o Alfareria en el Periodo Colonial de Santo Domingo, Fundación Ortega Alvárez, Santo Domingo.
Ortega, E. (1982).Arqueología Colonial de Santo Domingo, Fundación Ortega Alvárez, Santo Domingo.
Ortega, E., and Cruxent, J. M. (1976). Informe preliminar sobre las excavaciones en las ruinas del Convento de San Francisco.Actas del XLI Congreso Internacional de Americanistas 3: 674–689.
Ortega, E., and Fondeur, C. (1978a).Arqueología de los Monumentos Históricos de Santo Domingo, Universidad Central del Este, San Pedro de Macorís, Dominican Republic.
Ortega, E., and Fondeur, C. (1978b).Estudio de la Cerámica del Periodo Indo-Hispano de la Antigua Concepción de la Vega, Serie Cientifica 1, Fundación Ortega Alvárez, Santo Domingo.
Oviedo y Valdes, G. F. de (1950).Sumario: Historia General y Natural de las Indias, Fondo de la Cultura Economica, Mexico.
Oviedo y Valdes, G. F. de (1959).Historia General y Natural de las Indias, Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, Madrid.
Palm, E. (1945). Excavations at La Isabela, white man's first town in the Americas.Acta Americana 3: 298–303.
Palm, E. (1952). La Fortaleza de la Concepción de la Vega.Memoria del V Congreso Historico Municipal Interamericano 2: 115–118 (Ciudad Trujillo, Republica Dominicana).
Pané, R. (1974).Relación Acerca de las Antigüedades de los Indios, Siglo XXI, Mexico.
Pantel, A. G.,et al. (1986).Archaeological Investigations into the History, Urbanism and Architecture Ballaja from Precolumbian Times Through the Twentieth Century, Foundation of Archaeology, Anthropology, and History of Puerto Rico, San Juan.
Poladura, A. de (coordinator) (1980).Objetos y Ambientes de la Concepción de la Vega, exposición catalogue, Museo Casas Reales, Santo Domingo.
Posnansky, M. (1982). Toward the archaeology of the Black diaspora.Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress for the Study of the Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles, Santo Domingo, pp. 443–450.
Price, R. (ed.) (1979).Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Price, S., and Price, R. (1980).Afro-American Arts of the Suriname Rain Forest, University of California, Berkeley.
Rainey, F. (1941). Excavations in the Ft. Liberte region, Haiti.Yale University Publications in Anthropology, 23, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
Reitz, E. (1986). Vertebrate fauna from locus 39, Puerto Real, Haiti.Journal of Field Archaeology 13(3): 317–328.
Reitz, E. (1988). Impact of animals introduced to the New World: the case of Puerto Real, Haiti. Paper presented at Rethinking the Encounter: New Perspectives on Conquest and Colonization, 1450–1550, Institute for Early Contact period Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Reitz, E., and Scarry, M. (1986). The reconstruction of historic foodways.Special Publication of the Society for Historical Archaeology, 3.
Romero, L. E. (1981). Sobre las evidencias arqueológicas de contacto y transculturación en el ambito Cubano.Santiago 44: 77–108.
Romero, L. E., and Domínguez, L. (1979). La porcelana oriental de los siglos XVI al XIX en la Habana. Paper presented at IV National Archaeological Workshop, Trinidad (typescript in possession of authors).
Rose, R. (1986). Lucayan lifeways at the time of Columbus. In Gerace, D. (ed.),Proceedings of the First Annual San Salvador Conference Columbus and His World, San Salvador, Bahamas, pp. 321–340.
Rosenblatt, A. (1954).La Población de America en 1492. Viejos y Nuevos Calculos, Mexico City.
Rouse, I. (1942). Archeology of the Maniabon Hills, Cuba.Yale University Publications in Anthropology, 26, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
Rouse, I. (1948a). The Arawak. In Steward, J. (ed.), Handbook of South American Indians, Vol. 4. The Circum-Caribbean tribes.Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143(4): 507–546.
Rouse, I. (1948b). The Ciboney. In Steward, J. (ed.), Handbook of South American Indians, Vol. 4. The Circum-Caribbean tribes.Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143(4): 497–506.
Rouse, I. (1948c). The Carib. In Steward, J. (ed.), Handbook of South American Indians, Vol. 4. The Circum-Caribbean tribes.Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143(4): 547–566.
Rouse, I. (1952). Porto Rican Prehistory.New York Academy of Sciences Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands 18(3–4).
Rouse, I. (1982). Ceramic and religious development in the Greater Antilles.Journal of New World Archaeology V5: 45–55.
Rouse, I. (1986a).Migrations in Prehistory, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
Rouse, I. (1986b). Origin and development of the Indians discovered by Columbus. In Gerace, D. (ed.),Proceedings of the First San Salvador Conference: Columbus and His World, San Salvador, Bahamas, pp. 293–312.
Rouse, I., and Cruxent, J. (1963).Venezuelan Archaeology, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
Rouse, I., and Moore, C. (1984). Cultural sequence in southwestern Haiti.Bureau National D'Ethnologie Bulletin 1: 25–38 (Port au Prince).
Ruppé, R. J. (1980). Sea-level rise and Caribbean prehistory. InProceedings of the Eighth International Congress for the Study of the Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles. Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers, 22, pp. 331–337.
Sauer, C. O. (1966).The Early Spanish Main, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Sauer, C. O. (1971).Sixteenth Century North America, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Schelle, G. (1906).La Traite Negriere aux Indes de Castille, Contrats et Traites d'Assiento, Paris.
Seaberg, L. (1951). Report on the Indian site at the “Fountain of Youth,” St. Augustine. Ms. on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Sealey, N. (1985).Bahamian Landscapes: An Introduction to the Geography of the Bahamas, Collins Caribbean, London.
Sears, W. H. (1976). Columbus and the Arawaks.Yachting Nov.: 62–63.
Sears, W. H., and Sullivan, S. O. (1978). Bahamas prehistory.American Antiquity 43(1): 3–25.
Shapiro, G. (1983). A soil resistivity survey at 16th century Puerto Real, Haiti.Journal of Field Archaeology 11: 101–110.
Siegel, P., and Bernstein, D. (1987). Site structure, settlement organization and sampling: A case study from the north coast of Puerto Rico. Paper presented at the 52nd annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Toronto.
Sleight, F. (1965). Certain environmental considerations in West Indian archaeology.American Antiquity 31(2; pt. 1): 226–231.
Smith, G. (1986).A Study of Colono Ware and Non-European Ceramics from Sixteenth-Century Puerto Real, Haiti, M.A. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Smith, H. G. (1956). The European and the Indian: European-Indian contacts in Georgia and Florida. Florida Anthropological Society, Publication 4, andFlorida State University Notes in Anthropology, 2, Tallahassee.
Smith, H. G. (1962). El Morro.Florida State University Notes in Anthropology, 6, Tallahassee.
Smith, R (1985). The search for the caravels of Columbus.Oceanus 28(1): 73–77 (Institute for Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M University, College Station).
Smith, R., Lakey, D., Oerthing, T., Thompson, B., and Woodward, R. (1982). Sevilla La Nueva: A site survey and historical assessment of Jamaica's first European town. Ms. on file, Institute of Nautical Archaeology, Texas A&M University, College Station.
Solis, C. (1984). Archaeological testing of Casa Rosa scarp wall project area, San Juan historic district, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Unpublished project report on file, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville, Fla.
Sturtevant, W. (1961). Taino agriculture. InThe Evolution of Horticultural Systems in South America: Causes and Consequences—A Symposium. Anthropological Supplement, 2, Caracas.
Sturtevant, W. (1970). The significance of ethnological similarities between Southeastern North America and the Antilles. Papers in Caribbean Anthropology, compiled by S. W. Mintz,Yale University Publications in Anthropology, 57–64 (reprinted by HRAF Press, New Haven, Conn.).
Sullivan, S. O. (1981).Prehistoric Patterns of Exploitation and Colonization in the Turks and Caicos Islands, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana, Champaign.
Tabío, E., and Rey, E. (1979).La Prehistoria de Cuba, Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, Havana.
Taviani, E. P. (1984).I Viaggio di Colombo, Instituto Geografico de Agostini Novaro, Rome.
Varela, C. (1982).Cristóbal Colón. Textos y Documentos Completos, Editorial Alianza, Madrid.
Varela, C. (1987). Cristóbal Colón y la fundación de la Isabela. Paper presented at the Conference, Spain, Florida, and the Caribbean: Explorations and Settlements in the Sixteenth Century, Gainesville, Fla. Paper on file, Office of Oral History, Florida State Museum.
Vega, B. (1979). Arqueología de los cimarrones del maniel del Bahoruco.Museo del Hombre Dominicano Bulletin 12: 11–48.
Veloz Maggiolo, M. (1974). Remanentes culturales Indígenas y Africanos en Santo Domingo.Revista Dominicana de Antropología e Historia 7–8: 19–26.
Veloz Maggiolo, M. (1976–1977).Medioambiente y Adaptación Humana en la Prehistoria de Santo Domingo, Editorial de la Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo.
Veloz Maggiolo, M., and Guerrero, J. (1986). Las Antillas del descubrimiento: Arqueología y etnología.Hoy: Isla Abierta (Oct. 11)6(269): 6–8.
Veloz, Maggiolo, M. and Ortega, E. (1980). Nuevos hallazgos arqueológicos en la costa norte de Santo Domingo.Boletín del Museo del Hombre Dominicano 9(13): 11–48.
Walker, J. (1982). Report on salvage excavations and analysis of La Perla, San Juan. Ms. on file, Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, San Juan.
Wallerstein, I. (1974).The Modern World System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century, Academic Press, New York.
Watters, D. (1982). Relating oceanography to Antillean archaeology: Implications from Oceania.Journal of New World Archaeology 5(12): 3–13.
Watters, D. (1987). Caribbean. In Current Research,Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter 20(4): 38–39.
Weddle, R. (1985).Spanish Sea, Texas A&M University Press, College Station.
West, R., and Augelli, J. (1976).Middle America, Its Lands and People, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Widmer, R. J. (1983).The Evolution of the Calusa, a Non-Agricultural Chiefdom of the Southwest Florida Coast, Ph.D. dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
Williams, E. (1970).From Columbus to Castro: The History of the Caribbean, Vintage Books, New York.
Williams, M. (1986). Sub-surface patterning at 16th century Spanish Puerto Real, Haiti.Journal of Field Archaeology 13(3): 283–296.
Willis, R. (1976).The Archaeology of 16th Century Nueva Cadiz M.A. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Willis, R. (1984).Empire and Architecture at 16th Century Puerto Real, Hispaniola, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Wilson, S. (1985). Taino elite integration and societal complexity on Hispaniola. Paper presented at the 11th International Congress on Caribbean Archaeology, San Juan.
Wilson, S. (1986).The Conquest of the Caribbean Chiefdoms, Ph.D. dissertations, University of Chicago.
Wing, E. (1961). Animal remains excavated at the Spanish site of Nueva Cadiz on Cubagua Island, Venezuela.Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 2: 162–165.
Wing, E. (1983). La adaptación humana a las medioambientes de las Antillas. InLa Cultura Taina: Las Culturas de America en la Epoca del Descubrimiento, Biblioteca del V Centenario, Madrid, pp. 87–105.
Wing, E. (1987). Preliminary report on analysis of faunal remains from En Bas Saline, Haiti. Ms. on file, Florida State Museum Anthropology Department, Gainesville.
Wing, E., and Reitz, E. (1982). Prehistoric fishing economies of the Caribbean.Journal of New World Archaeology V(2): 13–32.
Wing, E., and Scudder, S. (1983). Animal exploitation by prehistoric peoples living on a tropical marine edge. In Grigson, C., and Clutton-Brock, J. (ed.),Animals and Archaeology: 2. Shell Middens, Fishes and Birds, BAR International Series, No. 183, Oxford, pp. 197–210.
Wolf, E. (1982).Europe and the People Without History, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Woods, C. (1988). Discussant comments on session “Ecological Balances.” Presented at Rethinking the Encounter: New Perspectives on Conquest and Colonization, 1450–1550, Conference of the Institute for Early Contact-Period Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Wright, H. (1984). Prestate political formation. In Earle, T. (ed.),The Evolution of Complex Societies: Essays in Honor of Harry Hoijer, Anthropology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, pp. 41–78.
Wynter, S. (1984).New Seville: Major Dates 1509–1536; New Seville: Major Facts, Major Questions, National Historic Trust, Kingston, Jamaica.
Zavala, S. (1938). Los trabajadores Antillanos en el siglo XVI. InEstudios Indianos, Colegio de Mexico, Mexico.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Deagan, K. The archaeology of the Spanish contact period in the Caribbean. J World Prehist 2, 187–233 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00975417
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00975417