Summary
Utilization of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) markedly increases the success of rehabilitation of disturbed and degraded lands, either in mesic or in moisture-deficient zones. It has been demonstrated that the presence of VAM is critical for the regeneration of natural ecosystems in arid lands. Inoculation techniques for rehabilitation have been tested and are considered highly valuable for the purpose, but until improved inocula production methods are developed, the best alternative is a proper management of a site, preventing loss and assuring maintenance of an appropriate plant cover, where the roots serve as an energy source and medium for VAM proliferation. Re-establishment of plant cover on denuded lands has been tested by using succession theory by priming natural processes and thereby enhancing the rate of succession. The introduction and appropriate management of VAM in these tests has shown highly positive effects on the results. The international concern and support for such activities has been expressed by the UNEP-ISEB Workshop, 1983, recommending immediate applications of available VAM technologies in rehabilitation, and extensive further research efforts for the utilization of VA mycorrhizae.
Résumé
L'utilisation des mycorhizes vésiculaires et arbusculaires (VAM) améliore de façon importante la réhabilitation des sols bouleversés et dégradés, et cela aussi bien dans les régions moyennement humides que dans celles où l'humidité est déficiente. Il a été démontré que la présence de VAM est essentielle pour la régénération des éco-systèmes naturels dans les sols arides. Des techniques d'inoculation ont été testées et leur valeur pour la réhabilitation des sols a été démontrée, mais, en attendant qu'on ait mis au point des méthodes améliorées pour la production d'inoculums, la meilleure manière de procéder est d'aménager le site de façon à éviter la disparition et assurer le maintien d'une couverture végétale appropriée, dont les racines servent aux VAM de source d'énergie et de milieu de développement. On s'est efforcé de rétablir la couverture sur les sols dénudés d'après une théorie dynamique comportant un amorçage des processus naturels et une accélération du taux de succession. L'introduction de VAM dans ces tests et leur emploi judicieux ont donné des résultats très positifs. L'intérêt et le soutien de ces activités sur le plan international se sont exprimés lors du séminaire UNEP-ISEB de 1983 où il a été recommandé d'appliquer immédiatement à la réhabilitation des sols les techniques de VAM disponibles, et d'intensifier les efforts de recherche sur l'utilisation des VAM.
Resumen
Entre las recomendaciones promulgadas por la reunión de trabajo organizada por UNEP-ISEB sobre la Utilización de Procesos Microbiológicos para Controlar la Desertificación y Mejorar la Productividad de Suelos Aridos, 1983, se cita con especial énfasis la utilización de micorrizas vesículo-arbusculares (MVA) para dichos propósitos. Se reconoce actualmente que entre los efectos beneficiosos de esta asociación hongo-planta, presente en la mayoría de las plantas vasculares, se incluye una mejora en la absorción de P y N y una mayor tolerancia a la sequía. Los mecanismos que regulan estas actividades necesitan, sin embargo, ser elucidados; por ejemplo, la mayor resistencia a la sequía puede deberse a una respuesta fisiológica de la planta a la presencia de la micorriza o bien al aumento de superficie del sistema radical debido a las hifas del hongo, que permite un mejor aceso al agua del suelo. Observaciones de campo muestran que plantas micorrizadas pueden producir mayores cosechas, sobrevivir mejor en condiciones adversas y tener periodos de crecimiento mas largos que las no micorrizadas. La alteración de la superficie del suelo conduce a una perdida de vegetación con la subsiguiente erosión y perdida de la actividad biológica del suelo. Esto puede ser debido a un excesivo pastoreo (especialmente en regiones áridas y semi-áridas), a una labranza inadecuada, o a la destrucción total de la cobertura vegetal debido a una explotación minera. Estas actividades pueden disminuir significativamente e incluso eliminar los hongos VA de los suelos en cuestión. Hasta el momento, se ha demostrado que los esfuerzos para restaurar la vegetación tienen mayores probabilidades de éxito cuando los respectivos hongos VA estan presentes. Los métodos para la restauración de MVA en la vegetación de suelos en proceso de recuperación incluyen la inoculación artificial. El uso de inóculo en forma de pellets, de suelo infectado o de plántulas inoculadas ha sido un éxito en ensayos a pequeña escala. La utilización mas amplia de estos métodos esta limitada por la falta de técnicas que permitan obtener cultivos masivos de MVA. La mejor solución hasta ahora parece consistir en desarrollar los esfuerzos de restauración siguiendo la sucesión natural de los ecosistemas respectivos. Por ejemplo, en zonas semiáridas los esfuerzos de revegetación basados en el concepto de las ‘islas de fertilidad’, parecen ofrecer buenas posibilidades. Varias especies de plantas apropiadas localizadas en zonas concretas pueden llegar a ser fuentes de inóculo de hongos VA (y otros componentes biológicos del suelo) para una cierta zona circundante. Un incremento en la fertilización fosforada limita la proliferación de MVA. En las situaciones producidas como consecuencia de una explotación minera se ha utilizado en muchos casos la capa superficial del suelo para facilitar la recuperación de la zona, pero hay que tener en cuenta que un almacenamiento prolongado del suelo puede conducir a perdidas de una gran parte de sus componentes biológicos, incluyendo los propágulos de los hongos VA. Los mejores métodos de uso y administracion del suelo para mantener e incrementar la proliferación de las MVA incluyen prácticas que mantienen y aumentan la materia orgánica del suelo, incluyendo el aporte de una cubierta vegetal relativamente continua que provea las fuentes de C necesarias para el crecimiento de los hongos VA.
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Skuji nš, J., Allen, M.F. Use of mycorrhizae for land rehabilitation. Mircen Journal 2, 161–176 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00937191
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00937191