Abstract
There are three general classes of hydrate inclusion compounds: the ‘gas’ hydrates, the per-alkyl onium salt hydrates, and the alkylamine hydrates. The first are clathrates, the second are ionic inclusion compounds, the third are ‘semi-clathrates’. Crystallization occurs because the H2O molecules, like SiO2, can form three-dimensional four-connected nets. With water alone, these are the ices. In the inclusion hydrates, nets with larger voids are stabilized by including other ‘guest’ molecules. Anions and hydrogen-bonding functional groups can replace water molecules in these nets, in which case the ‘guest’ species are cations or hydrophobic moieties of organic molecules. The guest must satisfy two criteria. One is dimensional, to ensure a ‘comfortable’ fit within the voids. The other is functional. The guest molecules cannot have either a single strong hydrogen-bonding group, such as an amide or a carboxylate, or a number of moderately strong hydrogen-bonding groups, as in a polyol or a carbohydrate.
The common topological feature of these nets is the pentagonal dodecahedra: i.e., 512-hedron. These are combined with 51262-hedra, 51263-hedra, 51264-hedra and combinations of these polyhedra, to from five known nets. Two of these are the well-known 12 and 17 Å cubic gas hydrate structures,Pm3n, Fd3m; one is tetragonal,P4 2/mnm, and two are hexagonal,P6 3/mmc andP6/mmm. The clathrate hydrates provide examples of the two cubic and the tetragonal structures. The alkyl onium salt hydrates have distorted versions of thePm3n cubic, the tetragonal, and one of the hexagonal structures. The alkylamine hydrate structures hitherto determined provide examples of distorted versions of the two hexagonal structures.
There are also three hydrate inclusion structures, represented by single examples, which do not involve the 512-hedra. These are 4(CH3)3CHNH2·39H2O which is a clathrate; HPF6·6H2O and (CH3)4NOH·5H2O which are ionic-water inclusion hydrates. In the monoclinic 6(CH3CH2CH2NH2)·105H2O and the orthorhombic 3(CH2CH2)2NH·26H2O, the water structure is more complex. The idealization of these nets in terms of the close-packing of semi-regular polyhedra becomes difficult and artificial. There is an approach towards the complexity of the water salt structures found in the crystals of proteins.
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Jeffrey, G.A. Hydrate inclusion compounds. Journal of Inclusion Phenomena 1, 211–222 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00656757
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00656757