Summary
A spontaneous mutant ofAzospirillum lipoferum, resistant to streptomycin and rifampicin, was inoculated into the soil immediately before and 10 days after transplanting of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Two rice varieties with high and low nitrogen-fixing supporting traits, Hua-chou-chi-mo-mor (Hua) and OS4, were used for the plant bacterial interaction study. The effect of inoculation on growth and grain and dry matter yields was evaluated in relation to nitrogen fixation, by in situ acetylene reduction assay,15N2 feeding and15N dilution techniques. A survey of the population of marker bacteria at maximum tillering, booting and heading revealed poor effectivety. The population of nativeAzospirillum followed no definite pattern. Acetylene-reducing activity (ARA) did not differ due to inoculation at two early stages but decreased in the inoculated plants at heading. In contrast, inoculation increased tiller number, plant height of Hua and early reproductive growth of both varieties. Grain yield of both varieties significantly increased along with the dry matter. Total N also increased in inoculated plants, which was less compared with dry matter increase.15N2 feeding of OS4 at heading showed more15N2 incorporation in the control than in the inoculated plants. The ARA,15N and N balance studies did not provide clear evidence that the promotion of growth and nitrogen uptake was due to higher N2 fixation.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Baldani VLD, De-Polli H, Alvarez MA, Baldani JI, Dobereiner J (1984) Establishment of inoculatedAzospirillum spp. in the rhizosphere and roots of field grown cereals. Proceedings of 3rd Int. Symp. on N2 fixation, Helsinki, 2–8 Sept 1984 (Abstract)
Barraquio WL, de Guzman MR, Barrion M, Watanabe I (1982) Population of aerobic heterotrophic nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with wetland and dryland rice. Appl Environ Microbiol 43:124–128
Barraquio WL, Daroy MLG, Tirol AC, Ladha JK, Watanabe I (1985) Laboratory acetylene reduction assay for relative measurement of N2 fixing activities associated with field grown wetland rice plants. Plant and Soil (in press)
Bremner JM, Shaw K (1958) Denitrification in soil: 1. Method of investigation. J Agric Sci 51:22–39
Caceres EAR (1982) Improved medium for isolation ofAzospirillum spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 44:990–991
Cohen E, Okon Y, Kigel J, Nur I, Henis Y (1980) Increase in dry weight and total nitrogen content inZea mays andSetaria italica associated with nitrogen-fixingAzospirillum spp. Plant Physiol 66:746–749
Crossman SM, Hill WA (1984) Response of centennial sweet potato to inoculation withAzospirillum. The 3rd Int. Symp. on N2 fixation, Helsinki, 2–8 Sept 1984 (Abstract)
Eskew DL Eaglesham ARJ, App AA (1981) Heterotrophic15N2 fixation and distribution of newly fixed N in a rice flooded soils system. Plant Physiol 68:48–52
Gaskins MH, Alberecht SL, Milan JR (1984) Survival of root-associated bacteria in the rhizosphere. In: Veeger C, Newton WE (eds) Advances in nitrogen fixation research. Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publshers, The Hague, Boston, Lancaster, pp. 52
Gowda TKS, Watanabe I (1985) Stimulating effect of hydrogen on N2-fixation in association with field-grown wetland rice. Can J Microbiol 31:503–507
Hegazi NA, Monib M, Amer HA, Shokar ES (1983) Response of maize plants to inoculation with azospirilla and (or) straw amendment in Egypt. Can J Microbiol 29:888–894
Ito O, Cabrera D, Watanabe I (1980) Fixation of dinitrogen-15 associated with rice plants. Appl Environ Microbiol 39:554–558
Kapulnik Y, Okon Y, Kigel J, Nur I, Henis Y (1981a) Effects of temperature, nitrogen fertilization, and plant age on nitrogen fixation bySetaria italica inoculated withAzospirillum brasilense (Strain Cd). Plant Physiol 68:340–343
Kapulnik Y, Sarig S, Nur I, Okon Y, Kigel J, Henis Y (1981b) Yield increases in summer cereal crops in Israeli fields inoculated withAzospirillum. Expt Agric 17:179–187
Ladha JK, Barraquio WL, Watanabe I (1982) Immunological techniques to identifyAzospirillum associated with wetland rice. Can J Microbiol 28:478–485
Lin W, Okon Y, Hardy RWF (1983) Enhanced mineral uptake byZea mays andsorghum bicolor roots inoculated withAzospirillum brasilense. Appl Environ Microbiol 45:1775–1779
Ohyama T, Kumazawa K (1978) A simple preparation method of15N2 for water experiment. J Sci Soil Manure Jpn 49:424–425
Okon Y (1982)Azospirillum: physiological properties, mode of association with roots and its application for the benefit of cereal and forage grass crops. Isr J Bot 31:214–220
Okon Y (1984) Development and function ofAzospirillum-inoculated roots. Proceedings of 3rd Int Symp on N2 fixation, Helsinki, 2–8 Sept 1984 (Abstract)
Okon Y, Heytler PG, Hardy RWF (1983) N2 fixation byAzospirillum brasilense and its incorporation into hostSetaria italica. Appl Environ Microbiol 46:694–697
Rao JLN, Rajamamohan Rao VR (1983) Nitrogenase activity in the rice rhizosphere soil as affected byAzospirillum inoculation and fertilizer nitrogen under upland conditions. Curr Sci 52:686–688
Rao VR, Nayak DN, Charyulu PBBN, Adhay TK (1983) Yield responses of rice to root inoculation withAzospirillum. J Agric Sci Camb 100:689–691
Smith RL, Schank SC, Bouton HH, Quesenberry KH (1978) Yield increases of tropical grasses after inoculation withSpirillum lipoferum. In: Granhall U (ed) Environmental role N2-fixing blue-green algae and asymbiotic bacteria, vol 26. Ecol Bull Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Liber Tryck, Stockholm, pp 380–385
Smith RL, Schank SC, Milan JR, Baldensperger AA (1984) Response of Sorghum andpennisetum species to the N2-fixing bacteriumAzospirillum brasilense. Appl Environ Microbiol 47:1331–1336
Subba Rao NS, Tilak KVBR, Singh CS, Kumari L (1979) Response of a few species of graminaceous plants to inoculation withAzospirillum brasilense. Curr Sci 48:133–134
Tien TM, Gaskins MH, Hubbell DH (1979) Plant growth substances produced byAzospirillum brasilense and their effect on the growth of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L) Appl Environ Microbiol 37:1016–1024
Ventura W, Watanabe I (1982)15N dilution technique of assessing nitrogen fixation in association with rice. Philipp J Crop Sci 7:44–50
Watanabe I, Lin C (1984) Response of wetland rice to inoculation withAzospirillum lipoferum andPseudomonas sp. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 30:117–124
Watanabe I, Barraquio WL, De Guzman M, Cabrera DA (1979) Nitrogen fixing (acetylene reduction) activity and population of aerobic heterotrophic nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with wetland rice. Appl Environ Microbiol 37:813–819
Witty JF (1983) Estimating N2 fixation in the field using15N-labelled fertiliser: some problems and solutions. Soil Biol Biochem 15:631–639
Yoneyama T, Kumazawa K (1974) A simple determination of15N abudance in plant powder sample. J Sci Soil Manure (Japan) 45:480–482
Yoshida T, Ancajas RR (1973) Nitrogen-fixing activity in upland and flooded rice fields. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 37:45–46
Yoshida T, Yoneyama T (1980) Atmospheric dinitrogen fixation in the flooded rice rhizosphere determined by the N-15 isotope technique. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 26:551–589
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nayak, D.N., Ladha, J.K. & Watanabe, I. The fate of markerAzospirillum lipoferum inoculated into rice and its effect on growth, yield and N2 fixation of plants studied by acetylene reduction,15N2 feeding and15N dilution techniques. Biol Fert Soils 2, 7–14 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00638955
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00638955