Abstract
This review deals with the procedures used in the anodic oxidation of titanium and its alloys, the nature and properties of the oxide films, their uses, and the trends in research and development.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
P. Pascal, “Nouveau Traité de Chimie Minerale”,14 (Massen & Cie, Paris 1963).
J. Mellor, “A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry”,7 (Longmans, London 1960).
V. Andreeva andV. Kazarin, “Proc. III Internat. Conf. Met. Corrosion. 1966” (“Mir”, Moscow, 1969) pp. 464–472.
V. Andreeva andN. Shishakov,Z. Fiz. Khim. 32 (1958) 1671.
S. Morioka andA. Umezono,Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi 20 (1956) 403.
E. Botts andF. Krasnkopf,J. Phys. Chem. 31 (1927) 1404.
M. Nagayama,Boshuko Gijutsu 19 (1970) 490.
N. Watanabe andY. Kanaya,Denki Kagaku,39 (1971) 139.
D. Vadachkoriya andA. Shoniya, “Avtomat. i Mekhan. Prots. Naneseniya Pokrytii” (TNIIITEI, Moscow, 1969).
C. Dell'oca, D. Pulfrey, andL. Young,Physics of Thin Films 6 (1971).
L. Young, “Anodic Oxide Films” (Academic Press, New York, 1961).
H. Richaud,Corrosion et Anticorrosion,4 (1957) 400.
T. Neumann, “Passivierende Filme u. Deckschichten Anlaufschichten” (Vortrage, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1955).
F. Orlova andN. Shkatova, Proceedings Sixth Conf. on Chem., Metallurgy and Uses of Titanium [In Russian] 19–24, Moscow, 1965.
G. Bianchi, F. Mazza, andS. Trasatti,Z. Physik. Chem. (Leipzig) 226 (1–2) (1964) 40.
British Pat. 1062026 (1966) to Standard Teleph. & Cables Ltd.
A. Johnson andL. Shreir,Corrosion Science 5(4) (1965) 269.
B. Rivolta,Met. Ital. 50 (1958) 173.
L. Zhilina,Zh. Priklad, Khim. 33 (1960) 2526.
P. Jaquet,Metal Treatment 18 (1951) 176.
F. Faizullin andD. Baitalov,Zashchita Metallov 4(1) (1968) 11.
T. Shimoze, A. Takamura, andH. Hirose,Boshoku Gijutsu 14(2) (1965) 60.
A. Brynza, L. Gerasyutina, andT. Kryachek,Ukr. Khim. Zhurnal 28 (1962) 396.
R. Lamoureux, AD 266358 (1961).
E. Chernenko, L. Yanov, andV. Chernenko,Elektrokhimiya 7(9) (1971) 1374.
M. Fokin andV. Timonin,Zashchita Metallov 4(2) (1968) 185.
A. Vijh,Electrochimica Acta 14 (1969) 921.
D. Franz andH. Goehr,Ber. Binsenges. Physik. Chem. 67(7) (1963) 680.
N. Tomashov andN. Strukov,Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 152 (1963) 1177.
G. Kossyi, V. Nivakoyskii, andYa. Kolotyrkin,Zashchita Metallov 5(2) (1969) 210.
T. P. Hoar, “Proc. III Internat. Conf. Met. Corrosion 1966” (“Mir”, Moscow, 1969) pp. 88–98.
S. Akulinin andM. Shchevelev, “Diffuz. Poluprov.”, 1967, 196–200 (Publ. 1969). (Ca 75: 102444.)
E. Khairy andM. El-Khatib,J. Chem. United Arab Rep. 4(1) (1961) 13.
A. Aladjem, M. Aucouturier, andP. Lacombe, to appear inJ. Mater. Sci. 8 (1973).
M. Stern,J. Electrochem. Soc. 105 (1958) 638.
K. Nakata andY. Iida,Denki Kagaku Oyobi Kogyo Bulsuri Kagaku 37(5) (1969) 366.
A. Güntherschnize andH. Betz,Z. Phys. 92 (1934) 367.
C. Hall andN. Hackerman,J. Phys. Chem. 57 (1953) 262.
F. Cover andM. Musselin,Thin Solid Films 2(3) (1968) 211.
A. Krasil'shchikov, “Proc. III Inter. Conf. Met. Corrosion 1966” (“Mir”, Moscow, 1968) pp. 327–335.
W. Dornelas, Thesis, University of Paris,21 December, 1967.
R. Tylecote, CNRS Symp. No. 122 (1963). Publ. Paris 1965, pp. 241-7.
V. Novakovskii andV. Ovcharenko,Zaschita Metallov 4(6) (1968) 656.
N. Tomashov, V. Modestova, L. Plavich, andA. Averbukh, “Korroziya Metallov i Splavov 1965”, (“Metallurgiya,” Moscow, 1965) pp. 80–102.
A. Sukhotin andL. Tungusova,Zashchita Metallov 4(1) (1968) 8.
A. Bogoyavlenskii andV. Gorbacheva,Tr. Kazan. Aviats. Inst. 108 (1969) 80.
N. Tomashov, Yu. Ruskol, andG. Ayuyan,Zashchita Metallov 7 (1971) 272.
A. Bogoyavlenskii,Tr. Kaz. Aviats. Inst. 90 (1966) 3.
I. Tomashov andT. Matveeva,Zashchita Metallov 7 (5) (1971) 189.
D. Cheseldine,J. Electrochem. Soc. 111(8) (1964) 1005.
J. Cotton, “Proc. III Internat. Conf. Met. Corrosion, 1966” (“Mir”, Moscow, 1969) pp. 334–5.
E. Letskikh, A. Komornikova, V. Kuyazheva andYa. Kolotyrkin,Zashchita Metallov 6(6) (1970) 635.
A. Tsunesaburo andH. Ito,Mem. Inst. Sci. Ind. Res. Osaka Univ. 22 (1965) 77.
T. Matveeva andV. Pavlova, “Korroziya Metallov i Splavov 1963”, (Metallurgizdat, Moscow, 1963) pp. 208–11.
N. Tomashov andT. Matveeva, “Anod. Zashchita Metallov” (Kazan. Aviats. Inst, Kazan, 1964) pp. 544.
A. Bogoyavlensii andS. Borodina,ibid“, pp. 440.
V. Andreeva,Corrosion 20(2) (1964) 35t.
P. Hayfield andG. White,Nat. Bur. Stand. Misc. Publ. No. 256, (1963) 157.
A. Aladjem, D. Brandon, J. Yahalom, andJ. Zahavi, Internat. Conf. Electron Microsc., Rome 1968.
A. Aladjem andD. Brandon,J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 6 (1969) 635.
G. Amsel andD. Samuel,J. Phys. Chem. Solids 23 (1962) 1707.
F. Kover, Thesis, University of Paris (1967).
J. Green andA. Sedricks,Met. Trans. 2(7) (1971) 1807.
N. Tomashov, R. Al'tovskii, andM. Kush-nerev,Zavod. Lab. 26 (1960) 298.
D. Lainer andM. Tsypin,Zavodsk. Lab. 25 (1959) 1209.
G. Hass,Vacuum 11 (1952) 331.
S. Khoo, G. Wood, andD. Whittle,Electrochimica Acta 16 (1971) 1703.
N. Palkina andA. Shatalov,Elektrokhimiya 7(1) (1971) 96.
I. Ammar andI. Kamal,Electrochimica Acta 16 (1971) 1555.
M. Koyama,Rikagaku Kenkyusho Hokoku,38(5) (1962) 546.
Idem, ibid 38(5) (1962) 645.
I. Flis andI. Vorob'ev, “Zashchita Metallov i Oksid. Pokr.” (AN SSSR, Moscow, 1965) pp. 312–16.
P. Brouillet, I. Epelboin, andM. Froment,J. Electrochem. Soc. 106 (1959) 534.
R. Armstrong, J. Harrison, H. Thirsk, andR. Whitfield,ibid 117 (8) (1970) 1003.
Ya. Kolotyrkin andV. Strunkin,Zashchita Metallov 6 (1970) 511.
A. Aladjem, D. Brandon, J. Yahalom, andJ. Zahavi,Electrochimica Acta 15(5) (1970) 663.
J. Yahalom andJ. Zahavi,ibid 15(9) (1970) 1429.
L. Dzhaparidze, D. Otiashvili, A. Shakarishvili, V. Pruidze, andR. Chagunava,Pererabotka Margan. Polimet. Rud. Gruz. (1970) 130.
I. Dugdale andJ. Cotton,Corrosion Science 4 (1964) 397.
N. Tomashov, G. Chernova, andR. Al'tovskii,Zh. Fiz. Khim. 35 (1971) 1068.
M. Breiter,Electrochimica Acta 15(7) (1970) 1195.
M. Levy andG. Sklover,J. Electrochem. Soc. 116(3) (1969) 323.
S. Yoshizawa, F. Hine, andS. Shibamore,Denki Kagaku 35(1) (1967) 54.
N. Tomashov, G. Chernova, andR. Al'tovskii,Z. Physik. Chemie 214 (1960) 312.
I. Ammar andI. Kamal,Electrochimica Acta 16 (1971) 1539.
D. Husted, L. Gruss, andT. Mackus,J. Electrochem. Soc. 118 (1971) 1989.
R. Misch andW. Ruther,ibid 100 (1953) 531.
G. Klein,ibid 113 (1966) 345.
D. McLean, N. Schwartz, J. Werner, andM. Gresh, Bell Telephone Lab. AD 232690 (1960) pp. 14–15.
T. Rupprecht,Naturwiss. 47 (1960) 127.
W. Burgers, A. Claasen, andI. Zernike,Z. Physik 74 (1932) 593.
G. Wood andC. Pearson,Corrosion Science 7(2) (1967) 119.
N. Sato,Electrochimica Acta 16 (1971) 1683.
N. Sato,Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi 34 (6) (1970) 105.
A. Sukhotin andL. Tungusova,Zashchita Metallov 7 (1971) 259.
D. Baitalov andV. Faizulin,Issled. Elektrokhim. Magnetokhim. i Elektrokhim. Metody Analiza 2 (1969) 121.
F. Huber,Solid State Electronics 5 (1962) 410.
Idem, J. Electrochem. Soc. 110(7) (1963) 846.
R. Harrington andH. Nelson, Tech. Publ. 1158 (AIMME, Inst. of Metals) 1940.
E. Khairy andM. El-Khatib,Egypt J. Chem. 1 (1958) 47.
M. Stern andH. Wissenberg,J. Electrochem. Soc. 106 (1959) 755.
J. Callahan, U.S. Pat. 3262867 (1966).
A. De Rudnay, U.S. Pat. 2960642 (1960).
F. Huber andM. Rottersman,J. Applied Phys. 33 (1962) 3385.
V. Lavrenko andA. Chekhovskii,Ukr. Khim. Zhurnal 30(8) (1964) 788.
A. Brynza andV. Fedash,Zashchita Metallov 4(3) (1968) 252.
V. Veselovskii, T. Borisova, A. Yakovleva, andS. Izidonov,Electrochim. Acta 10(3) (1965) 325.
G. Kossyi, V. Novakovskii, andYa. Kolotyrkin,Zashchita Metallov 6(3) (1970) 317.
P. Boddy,J. Electrochem. Soc. 115 (1968) 199.
E. Sato,Denki Kagaku 35(11) (1967) 831.
R. Otsuka,Kolloid Z. 153 (1967) 59.
T. Marcovic andJ. Jovic,Werkstoffe Corros. 18(7) (1967) 582.
G. Slomin, U.S. Pat. 2934480 (1960).
H. Isaacs andJ. Llewelyn Leach,J. Electro-chem. Soc. 110 (1963) 680.
I. Menzies andA. Averill,Electrochimica Acta 13(4) (1968) 807.
M. Sibert, AD 262706 (1961).
A. Vijh,Electrochimica Acta 16 (1971) 1427.
H. Johansen, G. Adams, andP. Van Ryssel-Berghe,J. Electrochem. Soc. 104 (1957) 339.
H. Isaacs andJ. Leach,J. Inst. Metals 91 (1962) 80.
A. Hultquist andM. Sibert, NASA CR 364 (1966).
I. Ozeryanaya, T. Manukhina, andM. Smirnov,Zashchita Metallov 8(1) (1972) 128.
M. Yamazaki andH. Nozaki,Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi 74(6) (1971) 1265.
M. Tecotzky, AD 265215 (1961).
I. Rozenfel'd, A. Akimov, andE. Oshe, “Korroz.Zashch. Metallov” (Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1970), 202–6.
R. Harrington andH. Nelson,Trans. AIME 137 (1940) 62.
S. Fisheleva andP. Mel'nikov, “Sbornik Nauch Trud.” (Mekh.-Tekh. Fak., Sverdlovsk, 1969) 54.
A. Frova, P. Boddy, andY. Chen,Phys. Rev. 157 (1967) 100.
A. Akimov andI. Rozenfel'd,Zaschita Metallov 6(6) (1970) 640.
I. Rozenfel'd, A. Akimov, andE. Oshe,ibid 5(2) (1969) 217.
D. Brandon, J. Zahavi, A. Aladjem, andJ. Yahalom,J. Vacuum Sci. Techn.(6) (1969) 783–7.
A. Aladjem, D. Brandon, J. Yahalom, andJ. Zahavi, IAEC Report (1969) 1189.
E. Wainer, U.S. Pat. 2943031 (1960).
S. Hirota, H. Chiba, T. Tanaka, andH. Noake,Oyo Butsuri 26 (1957) 651.
H. Chiba,Denki Kagaku 28(1) (1960) 5.
Masashi Koyama,Rikagaku Kenkyusho Hokoku 39(1) (1963) 21.
S. Yamaguchi,J. Electrochem. Soc. 108 (1961) 302.
T. Koizumi andT. Nakayama, “Proc. III Internat. Conf. Metallic Corrosion (1966)”(“Mir”, Moscow, 1968) pp. 454–68.
M. Fox, R. Hanson, andB. Munro,Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 16(8) (1965) 1213.
N. Tomashov, R. Al'tovskii, andM. Kush-nerev,Doklady AN SSSR,141 (1961) 913.
L. Shreir andR. Piggot, Brit. Pat. 962904 (1964).
A. R. Pigott andL. L. Shreir,Nature 189 (1961) 216.
N. Tomashov andF. Zalivalov,Zh. Priklad. Khim. 42(11) (1970) 2474.
M. Sibert,J. Electrochem. Soc. 110 (1963) 65.
I. Kramer andC. Burrows, U.S. Pat. 3510411 (1970).
D. Baitalov, V. Makarov, andF. Faizulin,Issled. Elektrokhim., Magnetokhim. i Elektrokhim. Metody Analiza 2 (1969) 127.
F. Manton andM. Turner, In: “The Science, Technology and Applications of Titanium” (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1970).
G. Chernenko, N. Marchenko, andA. Romanov, Societ Pat. 197540 (1968).
S. Borodina andD. Evseeva,Trudy Kazan. Aviats. Inst. 96 (1966) 56.
D. Vermilyea,J. Electrochem. Soc. 110 (1963) 345.
N. Baba, K. Fujiwara, andS. Tajimi,Denki Kagaku 39 (1971) 42.
G. Wood andC. Pearson,Nature 208 (5010) (1965) 547.
A. Yamashita andH. Hagiwara,J. Electrochem. Soc. 112(3) (1965) 279.
V. Savoshchenko,Radiotekhnika, No. 6, (1968) 84.
S. Tajima andT. Mori,J. Electrochem. Soc. Japan 22 (1954) 174.
K. Nagasaki andH. Ishida,Keikinzoku 8 (1958) 60.
A. Fujishima, K. Honda, andS. Kikuchi,Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi 72(1) (1969) 108.
E. Khairy andM. El-Khatib,Egypt. J. Chem. 1 (1958) 75.
K. Schwabbe, “Proc. III Internat. Conf. Metallic Corrosion, 1966” (“Mir”, Moscow, 1969) pp. 52–72.
J. Cotton andA. Wood,Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 41(11) (1963) 354.
D. Baitalov, T. Gorbunova, andF. Faizullin,Issled. Elektrokhim., Magnetokhim., Elektrokhim. Metody Analiza 3 (1970) 132.
A. Aladjem,J. Radiation Eng. 3, (1973).
F. Huber,J. Electrochem. Soc. 115(2) (1968) 203.
P. Schmidt, F. Huber, andR. Schwartz,Phys. Chem. Solids 15 (1960) 270.
V. Ovcharenko andV. Novakovskii,Zashcita Metallov 6(2) (1970) 201.
P. Van Rysselberghe andH. Johansen,J. Electrochem. Soc. 106 (1959) 355.
E. Kendall, U.S. Pat. 3616279 (1971).
C. Phillippi andS. Lyon,Phys. Rev. B 3(6) [3], (1971) 2086.
H. Hagiwara, A. Yamashita, A. Matsuda, andT. Suzuki,Matsushita Tech. Rep. (Osaka) 8 (1962) 251.
French Pat. 1310006 (1962) [To Thomson-Houston France Co.]
Philco Corp. Report AD 231587 (1959).
H. Rudenberg, J. Hohnson, andL. White, Proc. Electronic Comp. Conf. (1962) p. 90.
R. Martin, German Pat. 1205192 (1964).
S. Minami, W. Neyagamashi, andA. Nomura, U.S. Pat. 3359191 (1967).
A. Miyata andM. Koyama,Rikagaku Kenkyusho Hokoku 37 (1961) 290.
I. Sato, Jap. Pat. 4438 (1959).
M. Sibert, U.S. Pat. 3085052 (1963).
French Patent (Demande) 2022610 (1970), to Matsushita Co, Japan.
H. Hagiwara andA. Yamashita, U.S. Pat. 3239436 (1966).
Y. Ishikawa, Y. Sazaki, and. Okamoto, Jap. Pat. 8384 (1958).
A. Salomon andJ. Carson, U.S. Pat. 3255389 (1966).
P. Schmidt, U.S. Pat. 3410776 (1968).
A. Miyata andM. Koyama,Rikagaku Kenkyusho Hokoku 38 (1962) 152.
S. Miyata andM. Koyama, Jap. Pat. 5816 (1958).
M. Bubenicek, Czech. Pat. 115823 (1965).
I. Sato, Jap. Pat. 5029 (1959).
A. Miyata andA. Furnichi,Scientific Papers,Inst. Phys. Chem. Res. Tokyo 54 (1960) 184.
K. Nakata andS. Minami,Denki Kagaku 34(7) (1966) 511.
F. Huber, Symp. Elec. Rectif. Cond. Mech. Anodic Films (Dallas 1967), pp. 162-77.
R. Quinn, U.S. Pat. 3180807 (1965).
Chuk Ching-Ma andE. Peres,Ind. Eng. Chemistry 43 (1951) 675.
H. Bomberger, F. Beek, andM. Fontana,J. Electrochem. Soc. 102 (1955) 53.
V. Kazarin andV. Andreeva, Korroz iya Metallov i Splavov 1963, pp. 156–66.
N. Tomashov andG. Chernova,Khim. Mashino-stroenie, No. 3 (1961) 30.
J. Cotton,Chem. Eng. Progress 66(10) (1970) 57.
A. Brynza, L. Gerasyutina, andV. Fedash,Ukr. Khim. Zhurnal 36(4) (1970) 397.
M. Souffrant,Corrosion (France) 19(6) (1971) 353.
N. Feige andR. Kane,Chem. Eng. Progress 66(10) (1970) 53.
N. Tomashov, R. Al'tovskii, andA. Arakelov,Doklady AN SSSR,121 (1958) 885.
K. Beck, U.S. Pat. 294911 (1960).
H. Böhm,Metalloberfläche 11 (1957) 197.
L. McGraw andJ. Stockdale, U.S. Pat. 3075896 (1963).
A. Vassel, Private Communication (From Ph.D. Thesis) University of Paris, 1972.
M. Blackburn, J. Feeney, andT. Beck, Boeing Research Lab., D1-82-1054 (1970).
French Pat. 1521286 (1968) [to ICI. Ltd.]
Yu. Zvezdin andYu. Belyakov,Optimizarsiya Met. Protesssov 4 (1970) 394.
T. Pochily andW. Parker, U.S. Pat. 3338805 (1967).
I. Murgulescu, O. Radovici, andS. Ciolac, “Proc. III Internat. Conf. Metallic Corrosion, 1966”, (“Mir”, Moscow, 1968) pp. 440–7.
N. Hackerman,Z. Electrochem. 62 (1958) 632.
M. Chevalier, J. Moissan, andR. Molinier,Surfaces 10(59) (1971) 90.
P. Miller, andH. Pray,Metal Progress 69 (1956) 61.
T. Pochily, AD 633986 (1966).
H. Pray, P. Miller, andR. Jeffreys, PB Rep. 147158 (1961).
R. Chevigny andH. Richaud, French Pat. 1117264 (1956).
J. Weigel, French Pat. 1398453 (1965).
R. Piontelli andP. Pedeferri,J. Electrochem. Soc. 115(10) (1968) 1046.
F. Schmidt, U.S. Pat. 3207679 (1965).
Ya. Aleksandrov,Trudy Kaz. Aviats. Inst. No. 108 (1969) 70.
M. Validov andA. Maslovets, Soviet Pat. 161482 (1964).
S. Raether, German Pat. 1165407 (1964).
Z. W. Gomes andF. Cardon,J. Solid State Chem. 3(1) (1971) 125.
R. Pawel, J. Pemsler, andC. Evans Jun.,J. Electrochem. Soc. 119 (1972) 24.
C. Shenberg, private communication (1971).
F. Wormwell andJ. Thomas,Soc. Chem. Industry, No. 28, (1968) 365.
R. Greef,Review Sci. Instr. 41 (1970) 532.
K. Mueller,Microchimica Acta Suppl. 4 (1969) 1.
F. Bozon-Verduraz,J. Catal. 18(1) (1970) 12.
W. Franz,Z. Naturforsch 13 (1918) 484.
German Offen 1938608 (1971) [to Electrochem. Engineering GmbH].
A. Makrides,J. Electrochem. Soc. 111 187C (Meeting Abstract) (1964).
J. Dewald,J. E1ectrochem. Soc. 102 (1955) 1.
G. Tibol andR. Hull,ibid 111 (1964) 1368.
J. O'Hanlon,J. Vacuum Sci. Tech. 7 (1970) 330.
I. Dirmeik,Corrosion 25(4) (1969) 180.
I. Menzies, G. Marshall, andG. Griffin,Corrosion Sci 9(4) (1969) 287.
M. Turpin andM. Testerman,J. Electrochem. Soc. 109 (1962) 168.
K. Masashi,Rikagaku Kenkyusho Hokoku 38 (1962) 321.
A. Tsinman, E. Kovsman, andV. Kuzub,Ukr. Khim. Zhurnal 31(9) (1965) 923.
E. Kuznetsova, T. Borisova, andV. Veselovskii,Elektrokhimiya 4(2) (1968) 167.
D. Vermilyea,J. Phys. Chem. Solids 26(1) (1965) 133.
J. Draley, F. Deboer, andC. Youngdahl,J. Electrochem. Soc. 108 (1961) 622.
N. Tomashov, V. Modestova, L. Plavich, andA. Averbukh, Proceedings Sixth Conf. on Chem., Metallurgy and Uses of Titanium (In Russian), Moscow 1965 p. 130.
I. Anoschenko, A. Zorchenko, andG. Luk'yanova,Zashchita Metallov,6 (1970) 443.
G. Dummer andH. Nordenberg, In: “Fixed and Variable Capacitors”, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960).
E. Ence andJ. Margolin,J. Metals 6 (1954) 346.
I. Flis andV. Zolotukhin,Trudy Leningrad. Tekh. Inst. Tsellyuloz. Bumazh. Prom. No. 13 (1964) 78.
W. Mizushima andY. Iida, U.S. Pat. 3502552 (1970).
V. Ovcharenko andV. Novakovskii,Zashchita Metallov 6(3) (1970) 320.
H. Togako, H. Sasaki, andYu. Kanda,Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi 33(11) (1969) 1280.
V. Grigor'ev andI. Gershanova.Zh. Prikland. Khim. 42(9) (1969) 2135.
A. Morris, U.S. Pat. 3488269 (1970).
A. Bogoyavlenskii, V. Gorbacheva, andP. Lantsman,Tr. Kazan. Aviats. Inst. 108 (1969) 75.
R. Piontelli, French Pat. 1522637 (1968).
O. Radovici andS. Ciolac,Rev. Roum. Chim. 13(1) (1968) 31.
A. Brynza, V. Fedash, andV. Sotnikova,Zashchita Metallov 4(2) (1968) 189.
J. Peters, AD 639419 (1966).
F. Kover andM. Musselin,Rev. Gen. Electricite 76(6) (1969) 793.
M. Levy,Corrosion 23(8) (1967) 236.
F. Mazza,ibid,23(8) (1967) 223.
L. Covington, German Pat. 1187884 (1965).
O. Rudiger, W. Fischer, andW. Knorr,Z. Metallk. 47(11) (1956) 599.
A. Murtazaev andL. Kim,Doklady Akad. Nauk. Uzbek SSR 22(2) (1965) 35.
J. Janssen, ASD-TR-61-147 (1961).
W. Richeson andM. Eisenberg,J. Electrochem. Soc. 107 (1960) 642.
M. Mizushima,ibid 108 (1961) 825.
T. Matveeva, M. Tyukina, V. Pavlova, andN. Tomashov,Titan i ego Splavy, No. 6 (1961), 211.
H. Richaud,Rev. Mét. 54 (1957) 787.
H. Richaud, Sixieme Congress Internat. de Fabric. Mech., Paris 1956.
H. Chiba, Jap. Pat. 9556 (Nov 9, 1956).
B. Rivolta,Met. Ital. 50 (1958) 255.
L. Stolbikov andG. Turchaninov,Elektro-khimiya 7(6) (1971) 899.
I. Ozeryanaya, T. Manukhina, andI. Smirnov,Fizi-Khim. Elektrokhim. Rasplav. Solei Shlakov 2 (1969) 245.
E. Wainer, U.S. Pat. 2874102 (1959).
V. Kucera, P. Novak, F. Franz, andJ. Koritta,Collection Czech. Chem. Commun. 32(6) (1967) 2049.
S. Minami andJ. Oagawa, U.S.Pat.3454473 (1969).
E. Ross andB. Chambers, U.S. Pat. 3400058 (1968).
M. Mandry andG. Rosenblatt,J. Electrochem. Soc. 119 (1972) 29.
F. Huber andJ. Bloxon, IRE Trans. Components Parts, June 1961.
K. Hirata, H. Yoneyama, andH. Tamura,Electrochim. Acta 17(5) (1972) 793.
Idem, ibid 17(5) (1972) 805.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Aladjem, A. Anodic oxidation of titanium and its alloys. J Mater Sci 8, 688–704 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00561225
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00561225