Abstract
The rejuvenation procedures to recover the creep properties of nickel-base superalloys by atmospheric pressure heat treatment and hot isostatic pressing techniques have been reviewed in detail. It is very important that such treatments be applied at an optimum stage in the service life of a turbine blade. In other words, the rejuvenation procedures must be applied early enough to prevent catastrophic failures or irreparable damage and late enough to give a cost-effective benefit. The optimum stage at which to undertake a rejuvenation procedure to extend the creep lives of superalloys is immediately prior to the tertiary stage. By using these techniques it is not possible to extend the creep lives of superalloys indefinitely because of the accumulation of some “permanent” damage incurred during service conditions.
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Abbreviations
- ERF:
-
Economic repair factor
- P r :
-
Price of repaired and rejuvenated part
- P n :
-
Price of new part
- L n :
-
Potential operational life of new part
- L r :
-
Potential operational life of repaired/rejuvenated part
- N :
-
Cavity density or number of cavities per unit area (mm−2)
- n v :
-
Number of cavities per unit volume (mm−3)
- ɛ:
-
Creep strain
- σ1 :
-
Maximum principal stress (MPa)
- ¯σ:
-
von Mises effective shear stress (MPa)
- t f :
-
Time to failure
- t t :
-
Time to commencement of tertiary creep
- λ:
-
Creep damage tolerance parameter
- ɛf :
-
Strain at fracture (or failure)
- T m :
-
Absolute melting temperature
- σ0 :
-
Friction stress
- r :
-
Spherical radius of cavities
- 2x:
-
Intercavity spacing
- δ:
-
Grain boundary width
- P I :
-
Cavity gas pressure
- P H :
-
External hydrostatic pressure
- Ω:
-
Atomic volume
- k :
-
Boltzmann constant
- T :
-
Absolute temperature
- γ:
-
Surface energy of the cavity
- D b :
-
Grain boundary diffusion coefficient
- φd :
-
Ductility recovery parameter
- ɛ′:
-
Strain to reach the same acceleration after recovery annealing
- ɛ0 :
-
Strain necessary for standard material to reach a given acceleration of the secondary-creep rate in the tertiary region
- ɛt :
-
Strain needed to have produced the reduced cavity volume after rejuvenation annealing
- \(\dot \varepsilon \) :
-
Creep rate
- \(\dot \varepsilon _{\text{s}} \) :
-
Secondary or minimum creep rate
- ɛ1 :
-
Strain previous to the regenerative annealing period
- n :
-
Total number of strain/regenerative anneal cycles
- φv :
-
Recovery parameter for cavity volume
- V 0 :
-
Original total cavity volume at the start of the recovery
- V t :
-
Cavity volume after recovery annealing for a timet
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Baldan, A. Rejuvenation procedures to recover creep properties of nickel-base superalloys by heat treatment and hot isostatic pressing techniques. J Mater Sci 26, 3409–3421 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00557126
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00557126