Summary
The radical nitric oxide (NO) is a possible mediator of pancreatic beta-cell damage in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). NO is produced by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), in a reaction where arginine is the main substrate. There are different isoforms of NOS, but in the context of immune mediated beta-cell damage the inducible form of NOS (iNOS) is the most relevant. The beta-cell iNOS is similar and encoded by the same gene on chromosome 17 as the iNOS expressed in macrophages and other nucleated cells. iNOS activation depends on gene transcription and de novo enzyme synthesis, and NO seems to induce a negative feedback on iNOS expression. While iNOS mRNA is induced by interleukin-1Β (IL-1Β) alone in rodent insulin-producing cells, a combination of two (IL-1Β + interferon γ) (IFN-γ) or three (IL-1Β + IFNγ + tumour necrosis factor α) cytokines is required for iNOS activation in human pancreatic islets. The promoter region of the murine iNOS gene has at least 25 binding sites for different transcription factors, and the nuclear transcription factor κB is necessary for cytokine-induced iNOS transcription in both rodent and human pancreatic islets. The nature of other transcription factors relevant for iNOS regulation in these cells remains to be determined. Induction of iNOS is paralleled by induction of several other cytokine-dependent genes in beta cells, including argininosuccinate synthetase, cyclooxygenase and manganese superoxide dismutase. Some of these genes may contribute to beta-cell damage, while others are probably involved in beta-cell defence and/or repair. Regulation of iNOS and other related genes in beta cells is complex, and differs in several aspects from that observed in macrophages. There are also important differences in iNOS regulation between rodent and human pancreatic islets. A detailed knowledge of the molecular regulation of these genes in beta cells may be instrumental in the development of new approaches to prevent beta-cell destruction in early IDDM.
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Abbreviations
- iNOS:
-
Inducible nitric oxide synthase
- NO:
-
nitric oxide
- IDDM:
-
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
- IL-1Β :
-
interleukm-1Β
- IFNγ:
-
interferon γ
- TNFα:
-
tumour necrosis factor α
- NF-κB:
-
nuclear transcription factor κB
- IκB:
-
inhibitor of NF-κB
- γ-IRE:
-
interferon γ response element
- NOD:
-
non-obese diabetic
- BB:
-
bio-breeding
- ISRE:
-
IFNα-stimulated response element
- HRE:
-
hypoxia-responsive element
- IRF:
-
interferon regulatory factor
- EMSA:
-
electrophoretic mobility shift assay
- PDTC:
-
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate
- LPS:
-
lipopolysac-charides
- PKC:
-
protein kinase C
- SAPK/JNK:
-
stress activated/c-jun NH2-terminal protein kinases
- MAPK:
-
mitogen-activated protein kinase
- PAK:
-
p21 (Cdc 42/Rac) activated kinase
- MEK:
-
MAPKkinase
- CAPK:
-
ceramide-activated protein kinase
- JAK:
-
Janus kinases
- ATF/CRE:
-
activating transcription factor/cyclic AMP responsive element
- DAG:
-
diacylglycerol
- PMA:
-
phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
- AS:
-
argininosuccinate synthetase
- iCOX:
-
inducible form of cyclooxygenase
- MnSOD:
-
manganese superoxide dismutase
- hsp:
-
heat shock protein
- IL-1R:
-
interleukin-1 receptor
- STAT:
-
signal transducer and activator of transcription
- FAD:
-
flavin adenine dinucleotide
- FMN:
-
flavin mono-nucleotide
- TGF:
-
transforming growth factor
- SSRE:
-
shear stress response element
- TLCK:
-
tosyl-L-lysine chloromethylketone
- GAPDH:
-
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydro genase
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Eizirik, D.L., Flodström, M., Karlsen, A.E. et al. The harmony of the spheres: inducible nitric oxide synthase and related genes in pancreatic beta cells. Diabetologia 39, 875–890 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00403906
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00403906