Summary
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1.
In nine species of Reptiles (Crocodilians, Lacertilians, Ophidians, Chelonians) no difference between the chromosome sets of male and female could be observed.
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2.
Morphologically differentiated heterochromosomes thus do not exist in this class.
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3.
This result agrees with the conclusions of Matthey and is in contradiction with those of Oguma, Makino and other Japanese cytologists.
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4.
In three species of Birds one of the macrochromosomes was found to be without a mate in the female sex; it is impossible to state whether a W chromosome is present.
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5.
The observation and identification of an unpaired Z chromosome in the female sex of Birds fully justifies the conclusions of Oguma, Yamashina c. s.; however, Matthey's scepticism remains legitimate in so far as it is impossible to specify the type of female heterogamety (ZO or ZW).
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6.
Cytological evidence does not support the hypothesis that the microchromosomes of Birds are non-chromosomal particles.
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7.
In the Spiny Ant Eater (Monotremata) an unpaired X chromosome was found in the male; the material at hand did not allow for a decision between XO and XY type of male heterogamety.
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8.
The type of sex chromosomes is the only cytological character that is exclusively typical of each of the three higher Vertebrate classes.
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9.
The evidence hitherto obtained concerning the sex chromosomes in the different classes of Vertebrates can be summarized as follows:
Fishes: no cytologically recognizable sex chromosomes; Amphibians: no cytologically recognizable sex chromosomes; Reptiles: no cytologically recognizable sex chromosomes; Birds: female heterogamety (ZO, ZW ?); Monotremes: male heterogamety (XO, XY ?); Other Mammals: male heterogamety of the XY type; rarely, multiple sex chromosomes.
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van Brink, J.M. L'expression morphologique de la digamétie chez les sauropsidés et les monotrèmes. Chromosoma 10, 1–72 (1959). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00396564
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00396564