Summary
The concentrations of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) and substance-P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) in lumbar spinal fluid of patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT), multi-infarct syndrome, communicating hydrocephalus and control patients were determined by specific radio-immunoassay. Mean SLI and SPLI levels were significantly lower in an aged control patient group (mean age 83.5±5.6 years) than in an adult control patient group (mean age 30.8±10 years). In the latter group SPLI levels correlated negatively with age. Mean SLI levels decreased with deterioration in SDAT patients by up to 33% in late dementia. SPLI correlated with SLI in SDAT patients but was decreased significantly only in late dementia patients. Moderate and insignificant decreases of SLI were observed in patients with multi-infarct syndrome or communicating hydrocephalus. Analysis of SLI by gel-permeation chromatography revealed molecular heterogeneity of SLI. At least four peaks of SLI were eluted, two of which had apparent molecular weights of about 10,000 and 15,500, possibly representing somatostatin precursors. The ratio of SRIF to SLI of higher molecular weight was increased in patients with dementia compared to control patients.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Adams RD, Fisher CM, Hakim S, Ojeman RG, Sweet HW (1965) Symptomatic occult hydrocephalus with ‘normal’ cerebrospinal fluid pressure. N Engl J Med 273:117–126
Allen JM, Ferrier IN, Roberts GW, Gross AJ, Adrian TE, Crow TJ, Bloom SR (1984) Elevation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in substantia innominata in Alzheimer's type of dementia. J Neurol Sci 64:325–331
Arimura A, Sato H, Coy DH, Schally A (1975) Radioimmunoassay for GH-release inhibiting hormone. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 148:784–789
Brazeau P, Ling N, Esch F, Böhlen P, Benoit R, Guillemin R (1981) High biological activity of the synthetic replicates of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-25. Regul Pept 1:255–264
Brownstein M, Arimura A, Sato H, Schally AV, Kizer JS (1975) The regional distribution of somatostatin in the rat brain. Endocrinology 96:1456–1461
Cramer H, Wolf A, Rissler K, Weigel K, Ostertag Ch (1985) Ventricular somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in patients with basal ganglia disease. J Neurol 232:219–222
Cross AJ, Crow TJ, Perry EK, Perry RH, Blessed G, Tomlinson BE (1981) Reduced dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in Alzheimer's disease. Br Med J 282:93–94
Crystal HA, Davies P (1982) Cortical substance P-like immunoreactivity in cases of Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Neurochem 38:1781–1784
Davies P (1979) Neurotransmitter-related enzymes in senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. Brain Res 171:319–327
Davies P, Terry RD (1980) Cortical somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in cases of Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neurobiol Aging 2:9–14
Dawbarn D, Emson PC (1985) Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in neuritic plaques of Alzheimer disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 126:298–294
Dodd J, Kelly JS (1978) Is somatostatin an excitatory transmitter in the hippocampus? Nature 273:674–675
Dupont E, Christensen SE, Hansen AaP, Olivarius BF, Orskov H (1982) Low cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin in Parkinson's disease: an irreversible abnormality. Neurology (NY) 32:312–314
Gattaz WF, Rissler K, Gattaz D, Cramer H (1985) Haloperidol increases somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the CSF of schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res (in press)
Gottfries CG, Gottfries I, Roos BE (1969) Homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with senile dementia, presenile dementia and parkinsonism. J Neurochem 16:1341–1345
Greenwood FC, Hunter WM, Glover JS (1963) The preparation of 131J-labelled human growth hormone of high specific radioactivity. Biochem J 89:114–120
Guillemin R (1976) Somatostatin inhibits the release of acetylcholine induced electrically in the myenteric plexus. Endocrinology 99:1633–1654
Hachinski V (1978) Cerebral blood flow: differentiation of Alzheimer's disease from multi-infarct dementia. Aging 7:97–103
Ioffe S, Havlicek V, Friesen H, Chernick V (1978) Effect of somatostatin (SRIF) and L-glutamate in neurons of the sensorimotor cortex in awake habituated rabbits. Brain Res 153:414–418
Kohler J, Schröter E, Cramer H (1982) Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid of neurological patients. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 231:503–508
McGeer PL, McGeer EG, Suzuki J, Dolman CE, Nagai T (1984) Aging, Alzheimer's disease and the cholinergic system of the basal forebrain. Neurology (Cleveland) 34:741–745
Meyers CA, Murphy WA, Redding TW, Coy DH, Schally AV (1980) Synthesis and biological actions of prosomatostatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:6171–6174
Morrison JH, Benoit R, Magistretti PJ, Bloom FE (1983) Immunohistochemical distribution of pro-somatostatin-related peptides in cerebral cortex. Brain Res 262:344–351
Morrison JH, Rogers J, Scherr St, Benoit R, Bloom FE (1985) Somatostatin immunoreactivity in neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's patients. Nature 314:90–92
Oram JJ, Edwardson J, Millard PH (1981) Investigation of cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptides in idiopathic senile dementia. Gerontology 27:216–223
Otsuka M, Konishi S (1983) Substance P—the first peptide neurotransmitter? Trends Neurol Sci 6:317–320
Penman E, Wass JAH (1981) Radioimmunoassay of somatostatin: methodological problems and physiological investigations. In: Bizollon CA (ed) Physiological peptides and new trends in radio-immunology. Elsevier-North Holland Biomedical Press, The Hague, pp 3–18
Perry RH, Dockray GJ, Dimaline R, Perry EK, Blessed G, Tomlinson BE (1981) Neuropeptides in Alzheimer's disease, depression and schizophrenia. J Neurol Sci 51:465–472
Reichlin S, Robbins R, Lechan R (1984) Somatostatin and the nervous system. In: Raptis S, Rosenthal J, Gerich JE (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Somatostatin. Attempto Verlag, Tübingen, pp 21–37
Reisberg B, London E, Ferris SH, Borenstein J, Scheier L, de Leon MJ (1983) The brief cognitive rating scale: language, motoric and mood concomitants in primary degenerative dementia. Psychopharmacol Bull 19:702–708
Rorstadt OP, Martin JB (1980) Somatostatin and the nervous system. In: Barker JL, Smith TG Jr (eds) The role of peptides in neuronal function. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 573–613
Rossor MN, Emson PC (1982) Neuropeptides in degenerative disease of the central nervous system. Trends Neurol Sci 4:399–401
Rossor MN, Emson PC, Mountjay CQ, Roth M, Iversen LL (1980) Reduced amounts of immunoreactive somatostatin in the temporal cortex in senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Neurosci Lett 20:373–377
Soininen H, MacDonald E, Rekonen M, Riekkinen PJ (1981) Homovanillic acid 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Acta Neurol Scand 64:101–107
Soininen H, Jolkkonen JT, Keinikainen KJ, Halonen TO, Riekkinen PJ (1984) Reduced cholinesterase activity and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Neurol Sci 63:167–172
Terry RD, Davies P (1980) Dementia of the Alzheimer type. Ann Rev Neurosci 3:77–95
Tomlinson BE (1977) Morphological changes and dementias in old age. In: Smith WL, Kinsbourne M (eds) Aeging and dementia. Spectrum, New York, pp 25–56
Wood PL, Etienne P, Lal S, Gauthier S, Cajal S, Nair NP (1982) Reduced lumbar CSF somatostatin in Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 31:2073–2079
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cramer, H., Schaudt, D., Rissler, K. et al. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity and substance-P-like immunoreactivity in the CSF of patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type, multi-infarct syndrome and communicating hydrocephalus. J Neurol 232, 346–351 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00313833
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00313833